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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
R R R R
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
R R R R R R R
Unity and Diversity of Cells
R R R R
1-1 LivingRsystemsRareRincrediblyRdiverseRinRsize,Rshape,Renvironment,RandRbehavior.RItRisRestimatedRthatRt
hereRareRbetweenR10RmillionRandR100RmillionRdifferentRspecies.RDespiteRthisRwideRvarietyRofRorganisms,
RitRremainsRdifficultRtoRdefineRwhatRitRmeans RtoRsayRsomethingRisRalive. RWhichRofRtheRfollowingRcanRbeR
describedRasRtheRsmallestRlivingRunit?
(a) DNAR(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 IndicateRwhetherRtheRfollowingRstatementsRareRtrueRorRfalse.RIfRtheRstatementRisRfalse,RexplainRwhyRi
tRisRfalse.
A. TheRParameciumRisRaRmulticellularRmicroorganismRcoveredRwithRhairlikeRcilia.
B. CellsRofRdifferentRtypesRcanRhaveRdifferentRchemicalRrequirements.RC.
TheRbranchlikeRextensionsRthatRsproutRfromRaRsingleRnerveRcellRinRa
mammalianRbrainRcanRextendRoverRseveralRhundredRmicrometers.
1-3 ForReachRofRtheRfollowingRsentences,RfillRinRtheRblanksRwithRtheRbestRwordRorRphraseRselectedRfromRth
eRlistRbelow.RNotRallRwordsRorRphrasesRwillRbeRused;ReachRwordRorRphraseRshouldRbeRusedRonlyRonce.
CellsRcanRbeRveryRdiverse:Rsuperficially,RtheyRcomeRinRvariousRsizes,RrangingRfromRbacter
ialRcellsRsuchRasRLactobacillus,RwhichRisRaRfew
inRlength,RtoRlargerRcellsRsuchRasRaRfrog’sRegg,RwhichRhasRaRdiameterRofRa
boutRoneR
.RDespiteRtheRdiversity,RcellsRresembleReachRotherRtoRanRastonishingRdegr
eeRinRtheirRchemistry.RForRexample,RtheRsameR20R
areRusedRtoRmakeRproteins.RSimilarly,RtheRgeneticRinformationRofRallRcells
RisRstoredRinRtheir
.RAlthoughR
containRtheRsameRtypesRofRmoleculesRasRcells,RtheirRinabilityRtoRreproduce
RthemselvesRbyRtheirRownRefforts RmeansRthatRtheyRareRnotRconsidered RlivingRmatter.
aminoRacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)Rplant yeast
fattyRacids s
Rmeter plasmaRmembranes
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RTheRMarketplaceRtoRBuyRandRSellRyourRStudyRMaterial
1-4 HowRdoesRcellularRspecializationRserveRmulticellularRorganismsRandRhowRmightR
aRhighRdegreeRofRspecializationRbeRdetrimental?
1-5 TheRflowRofRgeneticRinformationRisRcontrolledRbyRaRseriesRofRbiochemicalRreaction
sRthatRresultRinRtheRproductionRofRproteins,ReachRwithRitsRownRspecificRorderRofRami
noRacids.RChooseRtheRcorrectRseriesRofRbiochemicalRreactionsRfromRtheRoptionsRpre
sentedRhere.
(a) replication,Rtranscription,Rtranslation
(b) replication,Rtranslation,Rtranscription
(c) translation,Rtranscription,Rreplication
(d) translation,Rreplication,Rtranscription
1-6 ProteinsRareRimportantRarchitecturalRandRcatalyticRcomponentsRwithinRtheRcell,Rhel
pingRtoRdetermineRitsRchemistry,RitsRshape,RandRitsRabilityRtoRrespondRtoRchangesRin
RtheRenvironment. RRemarkably, Rall RofRtheRdifferentRproteins RinRaRcell RareRmadeRfro
mRtheRsameR20R
.RByRlinkingRthemRinRdifferentRsequences,RtheRcellRc
anRmakeRproteinRmoleculesRwithRdifferentRconformationsRandRsurfaceRchemistries,R
andRthereforeRdifferentRfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminoRacids.
(d) fattyRacids.
1-7 WhichRstatementRisRNOTRtrueRaboutRmutations?
(a) ARmutationRisRaRchangeRinRtheRDNARthatRcanRgenerateRoffspringRlessRfitRfo
rRsurvivalRthanRtheirRparents.
(b) ARmutationRcanRbeRaRresultRofRimperfectRDNARduplication.
(c) ARmutationRisRaRresultRofRsexualRreproduction.
(d) ARmutationRisRaRchangeRinRtheRDNARthatRcanRgenerateRoffspringRthatRareRa
sRfitRforRsurvivalRasRtheirRparentsRare.
1-8 ChangesRinRDNARsequenceRfromRoneRgenerationRtoRtheRnextRmayRresultRinRoffsprin
gRthatRareRalteredRinRfitnessRcomparedRwithRtheirRparents.RTheRprocessRofRchangeRa
ndRselectionRoverRtheRcourseRofRmanyRgenerationsRisRtheRbasisRofR .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 SelectRtheRoptionRthatRbestRfinishesRtheRfollowingRstatement:R“EvolutionRisR
aRprocessR .”
(a) thatRcanRbeRunderstoodRbasedRonRtheRprinciplesRofRmutationRandRselection.
(b) thatRresultsRfromRrepeatedRcyclesRofRadaptationRoverRbillionsRofRyears.
(c) byRwhichRallRpresent-dayRcellsRaroseRfromR4–5RdifferentRancestralRcells.
(d) thatRrequiresRhundredsRofRthousandsRofRyears.
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RTheRMarketplaceRtoRBuyRandRSellRyourRStudyRMaterial
1-10 SelectRtheRoptionRthatRcorrectlyRfinishesRtheRfollowingRstatement:R“ARcell’sRgenome
.”
(a) isRdefinedRasRallRtheRgenesRbeingRusedRtoRmakeRprotein.
(b) containsRallRofRaRcell’sRDNA.
(c) constantlyRchanges,RdependingRuponRtheRcell’sRenvironment.
(d) isRalteredRduringRembryonicRdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
R R R
1-11 WhichRstatementRisRNOTRtrueRaboutRtheRevents/conclusionsRfromRstudiesRdurin
gRtheRmid-1800sRsurroundingRtheRdiscoveryRofRcells?
(a) CellsRcameRtoRbeRknownRasRtheRsmallestRuniversalRbuildingRblockRofRlivin
gRorganisms.
(b) ScientistsRcameRtoRtheRconclusionRthatRnewRcellsRcanRformRspontaneousl
yRfromRtheRremnantsRofRrupturedRcells.
(c) LightRmicroscopyRwasRessentialRinRdemonstratingRtheRcommonalitie
sRbetweenRplantRandRanimalRtissues.
(d) NewRcellsRariseRfromRtheRgrowthRandRdivisionRofRpreviouslyRexistingRcells.
1-12 WhatRunitRofRlengthRwouldRyouRgenerallyRuseRtoRmeasureRaRtypicalRplantRorRanima
lRcell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 MatchRtheRtypeRofRmicroscopyRonRtheRleftRwithRtheRcorrespondingRdescriptio
nRprovidedRbelow.RThereRisRoneRbestRmatchRforReach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionRelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningRelectron
F. bright-field
usesRaRlightRmicroscopeRwithRanRopticalRcomponentRtoRtakeRadvantageRofRthe
Rdifferent RrefractiveRindicesRofRlight RpassingRthroughRdifferent RregionsRofRth
eRcell.
employsRaRlightRmicroscopeRandRrequiresRthatRsamplesRbeRfixedRandRstainedRi
nRorderRtoRrevealRcellularRdetails.
R R requires RtheRuseRofRtwoRsets RofRfilters.RTheRfirstRfilterRnarrowsRtheRwavelength Rr
angeRthatRreachesRtheRspecimenRandRtheRsecondRblocksRoutRallRwavelengths
RthatRpassRbackRupRtoRtheReyepieceRexcept RforRthoseRemittedRbyRtheRdyeRinRt
heRsample.
R R scansRtheRspecimenRwithRaRfocused RlaserRbeam RtoRobtainRaRseriesRofRtwo-
Rdimensional Roptical Rsections,RwhichRcanRbeRusedRtoRreconstruct RanRimageR
of
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RTheRMarketplaceRtoRBuyRandRSellRyourRStudyRMaterial
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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY, FIFTH EDITION
R R R R
CHAPTER 1: CELLS: THE FUNDAMENTAL UNITS OF LIFE
R R R R R R R
Unity and Diversity of Cells
R R R R
1-1 LivingRsystemsRareRincrediblyRdiverseRinRsize,Rshape,Renvironment,RandRbehavior.RItRisRestimatedRthatRt
hereRareRbetweenR10RmillionRandR100RmillionRdifferentRspecies.RDespiteRthisRwideRvarietyRofRorganisms,
RitRremainsRdifficultRtoRdefineRwhatRitRmeans RtoRsayRsomethingRisRalive. RWhichRofRtheRfollowingRcanRbeR
describedRasRtheRsmallestRlivingRunit?
(a) DNAR(b) cell
(c) organelle
(d) protein
1-2 IndicateRwhetherRtheRfollowingRstatementsRareRtrueRorRfalse.RIfRtheRstatementRisRfalse,RexplainRwhyRi
tRisRfalse.
A. TheRParameciumRisRaRmulticellularRmicroorganismRcoveredRwithRhairlikeRcilia.
B. CellsRofRdifferentRtypesRcanRhaveRdifferentRchemicalRrequirements.RC.
TheRbranchlikeRextensionsRthatRsproutRfromRaRsingleRnerveRcellRinRa
mammalianRbrainRcanRextendRoverRseveralRhundredRmicrometers.
1-3 ForReachRofRtheRfollowingRsentences,RfillRinRtheRblanksRwithRtheRbestRwordRorRphraseRselectedRfromRth
eRlistRbelow.RNotRallRwordsRorRphrasesRwillRbeRused;ReachRwordRorRphraseRshouldRbeRusedRonlyRonce.
CellsRcanRbeRveryRdiverse:Rsuperficially,RtheyRcomeRinRvariousRsizes,RrangingRfromRbacter
ialRcellsRsuchRasRLactobacillus,RwhichRisRaRfew
inRlength,RtoRlargerRcellsRsuchRasRaRfrog’sRegg,RwhichRhasRaRdiameterRofRa
boutRoneR
.RDespiteRtheRdiversity,RcellsRresembleReachRotherRtoRanRastonishingRdegr
eeRinRtheirRchemistry.RForRexample,RtheRsameR20R
areRusedRtoRmakeRproteins.RSimilarly,RtheRgeneticRinformationRofRallRcells
RisRstoredRinRtheir
.RAlthoughR
containRtheRsameRtypesRofRmoleculesRasRcells,RtheirRinabilityRtoRreproduce
RthemselvesRbyRtheirRownRefforts RmeansRthatRtheyRareRnotRconsidered RlivingRmatter.
aminoRacids micrometer(s) viruses
DNA millimeter(s)Rplant yeast
fattyRacids s
Rmeter plasmaRmembranes
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m
DistributionRofRthisRdocumentRisRillegal
, Stuvia.comR-
RTheRMarketplaceRtoRBuyRandRSellRyourRStudyRMaterial
1-4 HowRdoesRcellularRspecializationRserveRmulticellularRorganismsRandRhowRmightR
aRhighRdegreeRofRspecializationRbeRdetrimental?
1-5 TheRflowRofRgeneticRinformationRisRcontrolledRbyRaRseriesRofRbiochemicalRreaction
sRthatRresultRinRtheRproductionRofRproteins,ReachRwithRitsRownRspecificRorderRofRami
noRacids.RChooseRtheRcorrectRseriesRofRbiochemicalRreactionsRfromRtheRoptionsRpre
sentedRhere.
(a) replication,Rtranscription,Rtranslation
(b) replication,Rtranslation,Rtranscription
(c) translation,Rtranscription,Rreplication
(d) translation,Rreplication,Rtranscription
1-6 ProteinsRareRimportantRarchitecturalRandRcatalyticRcomponentsRwithinRtheRcell,Rhel
pingRtoRdetermineRitsRchemistry,RitsRshape,RandRitsRabilityRtoRrespondRtoRchangesRin
RtheRenvironment. RRemarkably, Rall RofRtheRdifferentRproteins RinRaRcell RareRmadeRfro
mRtheRsameR20R
.RByRlinkingRthemRinRdifferentRsequences,RtheRcellRc
anRmakeRproteinRmoleculesRwithRdifferentRconformationsRandRsurfaceRchemistries,R
andRthereforeRdifferentRfunctions.
(a) nucleotides.
(b) sugars.
(c) aminoRacids.
(d) fattyRacids.
1-7 WhichRstatementRisRNOTRtrueRaboutRmutations?
(a) ARmutationRisRaRchangeRinRtheRDNARthatRcanRgenerateRoffspringRlessRfitRfo
rRsurvivalRthanRtheirRparents.
(b) ARmutationRcanRbeRaRresultRofRimperfectRDNARduplication.
(c) ARmutationRisRaRresultRofRsexualRreproduction.
(d) ARmutationRisRaRchangeRinRtheRDNARthatRcanRgenerateRoffspringRthatRareRa
sRfitRforRsurvivalRasRtheirRparentsRare.
1-8 ChangesRinRDNARsequenceRfromRoneRgenerationRtoRtheRnextRmayRresultRinRoffsprin
gRthatRareRalteredRinRfitnessRcomparedRwithRtheirRparents.RTheRprocessRofRchangeRa
ndRselectionRoverRtheRcourseRofRmanyRgenerationsRisRtheRbasisRofR .
(a) mutation.
(b) evolution.
(c) heredity.
(d) reproduction.
1-9 SelectRtheRoptionRthatRbestRfinishesRtheRfollowingRstatement:R“EvolutionRisR
aRprocessR .”
(a) thatRcanRbeRunderstoodRbasedRonRtheRprinciplesRofRmutationRandRselection.
(b) thatRresultsRfromRrepeatedRcyclesRofRadaptationRoverRbillionsRofRyears.
(c) byRwhichRallRpresent-dayRcellsRaroseRfromR4–5RdifferentRancestralRcells.
(d) thatRrequiresRhundredsRofRthousandsRofRyears.
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RTheRMarketplaceRtoRBuyRandRSellRyourRStudyRMaterial
1-10 SelectRtheRoptionRthatRcorrectlyRfinishesRtheRfollowingRstatement:R“ARcell’sRgenome
.”
(a) isRdefinedRasRallRtheRgenesRbeingRusedRtoRmakeRprotein.
(b) containsRallRofRaRcell’sRDNA.
(c) constantlyRchanges,RdependingRuponRtheRcell’sRenvironment.
(d) isRalteredRduringRembryonicRdevelopment.
Cells Under the Microscope
R R R
1-11 WhichRstatementRisRNOTRtrueRaboutRtheRevents/conclusionsRfromRstudiesRdurin
gRtheRmid-1800sRsurroundingRtheRdiscoveryRofRcells?
(a) CellsRcameRtoRbeRknownRasRtheRsmallestRuniversalRbuildingRblockRofRlivin
gRorganisms.
(b) ScientistsRcameRtoRtheRconclusionRthatRnewRcellsRcanRformRspontaneousl
yRfromRtheRremnantsRofRrupturedRcells.
(c) LightRmicroscopyRwasRessentialRinRdemonstratingRtheRcommonalitie
sRbetweenRplantRandRanimalRtissues.
(d) NewRcellsRariseRfromRtheRgrowthRandRdivisionRofRpreviouslyRexistingRcells.
1-12 WhatRunitRofRlengthRwouldRyouRgenerallyRuseRtoRmeasureRaRtypicalRplantRorRanima
lRcell?
(a) centimeters
(b) nanometers
(c) millimeters
(d) micrometers
1-13 MatchRtheRtypeRofRmicroscopyRonRtheRleftRwithRtheRcorrespondingRdescriptio
nRprovidedRbelow.RThereRisRoneRbestRmatchRforReach.
A. confocal
B. transmissionRelectron
C. fluorescence
D. phase-contrast
E. scanningRelectron
F. bright-field
usesRaRlightRmicroscopeRwithRanRopticalRcomponentRtoRtakeRadvantageRofRthe
Rdifferent RrefractiveRindicesRofRlight RpassingRthroughRdifferent RregionsRofRth
eRcell.
employsRaRlightRmicroscopeRandRrequiresRthatRsamplesRbeRfixedRandRstainedRi
nRorderRtoRrevealRcellularRdetails.
R R requires RtheRuseRofRtwoRsets RofRfilters.RTheRfirstRfilterRnarrowsRtheRwavelength Rr
angeRthatRreachesRtheRspecimenRandRtheRsecondRblocksRoutRallRwavelengths
RthatRpassRbackRupRtoRtheReyepieceRexcept RforRthoseRemittedRbyRtheRdyeRinRt
heRsample.
R R scansRtheRspecimenRwithRaRfocused RlaserRbeam RtoRobtainRaRseriesRofRtwo-
Rdimensional Roptical Rsections,RwhichRcanRbeRusedRtoRreconstruct RanRimageR
of
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