1
NAVLE Prep
A 1 year-old Thoroughbred stallion is presented with difficulty walking for the
R
past week.
HE
Examination reveals ataxia in the pelvic limbs and there is a tendency for him to
overreach in all four limbs when ambulating.
IG
Which one of the following choices is the most common cause of these signs in
H
the horse?
A - Tetanus
NG
I
B - Botulism
C - Cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation
Y
D - Lead toxicity
L
E - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation/malarticulation - ANS ...
F
A 1-year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher has presented after being hit by a
car. Initial chest radiographs show mild contusions, and the patient appears to be
otherwise stable. A right mid-shaft long oblique femoral fracture has been
identified. Routine pre-operative blood work is unremarkable. A buccal mucosal
, 2
bleeding test (BMBT) is elevated at 6 minutes. What will you administer prior to
surgery?
Whole blood transfusion
Vitamin K
R
Desmopressin acetate
E
1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol - ANS The correct answer is desmopressin
H
acetate (DDAVP). Administration of desmopressin results in release of von
Willebrand factor, which will help this patient with clotting. Given this dog's breed
G
and elevated BMBT there is a very strong likelihood she is afflicted with von
I
Willebrand's disease. In Dobermans this results in an inability to form a clot. This
H
can be life threatening if the dog is taken to surgery.
G
A whole blood transfusion does not provide an adequate source of von
N
Willebrand factor but may be necessary if the patient's bleeding cannot be
I
controlled despite appropriate pre-operative measures. 1,25
Y
dihydrocholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D which aids intestinal
L
resorption of calcium. The BMBT does not assess factors 2, 7, 9, or 10 and
F
therefore vitamin K is not indicated.
A 10-year old Golden Retriever has presented for a progressive onset of exercise
intolerance and voice change. On physical exam the patient is noted to have a 7/9
body condition score. Mucous membranes are pink. Capillary refill time is less
than 2 seconds. Lung sounds are clear bilaterally. Stridorous breathing is noted
, 3
on inspiration. Laryngeal paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal exam
has been recommended. The owner agrees to routine blood work, chest
radiographs, and a laryngeal examination. Which of the following medications will
help assist in evaluation of laryngeal function?
R
Propofol
E
Dopamine
H
Ketamine
Doxapram
G
Diphenhydramine - ANS Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant that has
I
effects on respiratory centers. It is thought that it may work by stimulating the
H
reflex activation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors. At one point, it was used
G
in critical care patients during resuscitation efforts; however, this has fallen out
of favor since doxapram results in increased work associated with respiration
N
without an increased amount of arterial oxygenation. When performing a
I
laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just deep enough so you can
Y
perform a laryngeal exam. Injectable anesthetics such as thiopental or propofol
L
are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false diagnosis of
F
laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapram to
help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis.
Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and can result in increased jaw tone as well as
overall muscle tone. Although its cardiopulmonary effects are minimal, it does
not stimulate respiration.
, 4
Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on alpha and beta-1
receptors. It is typically used in critical care settings to help increase blood
pressure.
ER
Diphenhydramine is the antihistamine also known as Benadryl. It competitively
H
inhibits histamine at H1 receptors. Along with its antihistamine properties, it has
sedative and anti-tussive effects.
IG
Propofol is a rapid acting injectable anesthetic which can result in hypotension,
H
bradycardia, and apnea.
G
A 10-year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood
N
smear shows Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in
I
color. Which of the following is responsible for causing these changes in the
Y
blood of this cat?
L
Chocolate toxicity
F
Lily ingestion
Aspirin administration
Acetaminophen administration
Rodenticide toxicity - ANS Explanation - The correct answer is
acetaminophen administration. The cat has signs of methemoglobinemia, which
is caused by oxidative damage to the hemoglobin. Heinz bodies are usually
NAVLE Prep
A 1 year-old Thoroughbred stallion is presented with difficulty walking for the
R
past week.
HE
Examination reveals ataxia in the pelvic limbs and there is a tendency for him to
overreach in all four limbs when ambulating.
IG
Which one of the following choices is the most common cause of these signs in
H
the horse?
A - Tetanus
NG
I
B - Botulism
C - Cervical vertebral malformation/malarticulation
Y
D - Lead toxicity
L
E - Occipitoatlantoaxial malformation/malarticulation - ANS ...
F
A 1-year old female spayed Doberman Pinscher has presented after being hit by a
car. Initial chest radiographs show mild contusions, and the patient appears to be
otherwise stable. A right mid-shaft long oblique femoral fracture has been
identified. Routine pre-operative blood work is unremarkable. A buccal mucosal
, 2
bleeding test (BMBT) is elevated at 6 minutes. What will you administer prior to
surgery?
Whole blood transfusion
Vitamin K
R
Desmopressin acetate
E
1,25 dihydrocholecalciferol - ANS The correct answer is desmopressin
H
acetate (DDAVP). Administration of desmopressin results in release of von
Willebrand factor, which will help this patient with clotting. Given this dog's breed
G
and elevated BMBT there is a very strong likelihood she is afflicted with von
I
Willebrand's disease. In Dobermans this results in an inability to form a clot. This
H
can be life threatening if the dog is taken to surgery.
G
A whole blood transfusion does not provide an adequate source of von
N
Willebrand factor but may be necessary if the patient's bleeding cannot be
I
controlled despite appropriate pre-operative measures. 1,25
Y
dihydrocholecalciferol is the active form of vitamin D which aids intestinal
L
resorption of calcium. The BMBT does not assess factors 2, 7, 9, or 10 and
F
therefore vitamin K is not indicated.
A 10-year old Golden Retriever has presented for a progressive onset of exercise
intolerance and voice change. On physical exam the patient is noted to have a 7/9
body condition score. Mucous membranes are pink. Capillary refill time is less
than 2 seconds. Lung sounds are clear bilaterally. Stridorous breathing is noted
, 3
on inspiration. Laryngeal paralysis is suspected and a sedated laryngeal exam
has been recommended. The owner agrees to routine blood work, chest
radiographs, and a laryngeal examination. Which of the following medications will
help assist in evaluation of laryngeal function?
R
Propofol
E
Dopamine
H
Ketamine
Doxapram
G
Diphenhydramine - ANS Doxapram is a central nervous stimulant that has
I
effects on respiratory centers. It is thought that it may work by stimulating the
H
reflex activation of carotid and aortic chemoreceptors. At one point, it was used
G
in critical care patients during resuscitation efforts; however, this has fallen out
of favor since doxapram results in increased work associated with respiration
N
without an increased amount of arterial oxygenation. When performing a
I
laryngeal exam, the goal is to have the patient just deep enough so you can
Y
perform a laryngeal exam. Injectable anesthetics such as thiopental or propofol
L
are used. Overzealous administration of these can result in a false diagnosis of
F
laryngeal paralysis and it is therefore recommended to administer Doxapram to
help stimulate respiration and definitively confirm your diagnosis.
Ketamine is an NMDA antagonist and can result in increased jaw tone as well as
overall muscle tone. Although its cardiopulmonary effects are minimal, it does
not stimulate respiration.
, 4
Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine and acts on alpha and beta-1
receptors. It is typically used in critical care settings to help increase blood
pressure.
ER
Diphenhydramine is the antihistamine also known as Benadryl. It competitively
H
inhibits histamine at H1 receptors. Along with its antihistamine properties, it has
sedative and anti-tussive effects.
IG
Propofol is a rapid acting injectable anesthetic which can result in hypotension,
H
bradycardia, and apnea.
G
A 10-year old male castrated domestic short hair presents for lethargy. A blood
N
smear shows Heinz bodies in the erythrocytes, and the blood is grossly brown in
I
color. Which of the following is responsible for causing these changes in the
Y
blood of this cat?
L
Chocolate toxicity
F
Lily ingestion
Aspirin administration
Acetaminophen administration
Rodenticide toxicity - ANS Explanation - The correct answer is
acetaminophen administration. The cat has signs of methemoglobinemia, which
is caused by oxidative damage to the hemoglobin. Heinz bodies are usually
