ALZHEIMERS ADHD STROKE EPILEPSY
Symptoms 1. Mild Cognitive Inattentive F.A.S.T. : Before seizure:
impairment Child: Aura
-Short-term memory loss - Attention problems Face drooping - ‘rising’ feeling in the
-Begins in medial temporal - Easily distracted Arm weakness stomach or déjà vu
lobe - Doesn't listen Speech difficulty - getting an unusual smell o
2. Mild AD - No follow thru Time to call 911 taste;
-Reading problems - Can't organize - sudden intense feeling of
-Poor object recognition - Loses important items Infarction of MCA = most fear or joy;
-Poor direction sense Adult: commonly observed - strange feeling like a ‘wav
-Spreads to lateral - poor motivation - collateral weakness going through the head;
temporal/parietal lobe - attention problems - sensory loss - stiffness or twitching in pa
-Hippocampus and entorhinal - bad procrastination - visual impairment of the body, (such as an ar
cortex are affected - slow/inefficient - language disturbance or hand);
3. Moderate AD - poor time management → if left side affected - feeling of numbness or
-Poor judgement - disorganized - impaired spatial tingling;
-Impulsivity Hyperactive/impulsive perception → if right side - sensation that an arm or l
-Short attention Child: affected feels bigger or smaller than
-Spreads to frontal lobe - Squirming/fidgeting/can’t - flaccid hemiparesis actually is; or
4. Severe AD stay seated - spastic hemiparesis - visual disturbances such
-Visual problems - Runs/climbs excessively coloured or flashing lights o
-Spreads to occipital lobe - Can’t wait turn TIA: hallucinations (seeing
- Can’t play/work quietly - numbness, weakness, or something that isn’t actuall
- Always on the go paralysis there).
- Talks excessively/Blurts out - loss of vision
answers - trouble speaking After seizure
- Intrudes/interrupts others - loss of balance - Muscle soreness
Adult: - headache - Sleepiness
- inefficiencies at work - Headaches
- can’t sit still Examples of outcomes: - Brain injury result of 30
- can’t wait in line mins of seizures
- drives too fast Left MCA, inferior
- self-selects active job division: During seizure (depending
- can’t tolerate frustration - aphasia on area affected)
- talks excessively - right visual field deficit Temporal lobe Epilepsy:
- interrupts others - right face and arm cortical- - visceral sensation
- makes inappropriate sensory loss - fear/anxiety
comments - olfactory disturbance
Right ACA: Frontal lobe Epilepsy:
- left leg weakness - speech
- if severe → left - arrest
hemiplegia - vocalization
- salivation
Left PCA: - mastication
- right homonymous Parietal lobe Epilepsy
hemianopia - vertigo
- alexia without agraphia Occipital lobe Epilepsy
- if severe → aphasia - visual hallucination
- eye blinking
Diagnosis - family usually report STML - Diagnostic and statistical - Repeated general seizure
Physical Test: manual of mental disorders - = Status Epilepticus
- reflexes 5th ed (DSM-V)
- muscle tone + strength - 6 symptoms for at least 6 Minimal criterion for
- ability to get up from chair + months diagnosis = recurrent
walk across room - AND some degree of seizures
- sense of sight + hearing obvious functional
- coordination + balance impairment in multiple
, Lab test: settings
- blood test
-mental 3 subtypes:
status/neuropsychology - predominantly
testing hyperactive/impulsive
-brain imaging (MRI, CT, PET - predominantly inattentive
for TAU/A-beta) - both
Mental exam:
- MMSE (assess memory
decline + cognitive
impairment)
- clock drawing test
- diagnosis is based on
ruling out all other
causes → final
diagnosis = post-
mortem to identify
presence of
plaques/tangles
Risk factors Familial (7-10%): No known specific gene - Hypertension None
-mutation in APP, Presenilin - Hypercholesterolaemia - risk increase after 60 y/o
1&2, ApoE No confirmed environmental - Cigarette smoking - There are >70 genes that
Other: factors - Excessive alcohol use have been linked to an
- head injury - Often comorbidities - Insulin resistance epuleptic phenotype
- cardiovascular disease - Learning disorder - diabetes - mutations in ion channels
- Cholesterol level - Anxiety - Poor nutrition
- female gender - Depression - Physical inactivity
- Obesity
Symptoms 1. Mild Cognitive Inattentive F.A.S.T. : Before seizure:
impairment Child: Aura
-Short-term memory loss - Attention problems Face drooping - ‘rising’ feeling in the
-Begins in medial temporal - Easily distracted Arm weakness stomach or déjà vu
lobe - Doesn't listen Speech difficulty - getting an unusual smell o
2. Mild AD - No follow thru Time to call 911 taste;
-Reading problems - Can't organize - sudden intense feeling of
-Poor object recognition - Loses important items Infarction of MCA = most fear or joy;
-Poor direction sense Adult: commonly observed - strange feeling like a ‘wav
-Spreads to lateral - poor motivation - collateral weakness going through the head;
temporal/parietal lobe - attention problems - sensory loss - stiffness or twitching in pa
-Hippocampus and entorhinal - bad procrastination - visual impairment of the body, (such as an ar
cortex are affected - slow/inefficient - language disturbance or hand);
3. Moderate AD - poor time management → if left side affected - feeling of numbness or
-Poor judgement - disorganized - impaired spatial tingling;
-Impulsivity Hyperactive/impulsive perception → if right side - sensation that an arm or l
-Short attention Child: affected feels bigger or smaller than
-Spreads to frontal lobe - Squirming/fidgeting/can’t - flaccid hemiparesis actually is; or
4. Severe AD stay seated - spastic hemiparesis - visual disturbances such
-Visual problems - Runs/climbs excessively coloured or flashing lights o
-Spreads to occipital lobe - Can’t wait turn TIA: hallucinations (seeing
- Can’t play/work quietly - numbness, weakness, or something that isn’t actuall
- Always on the go paralysis there).
- Talks excessively/Blurts out - loss of vision
answers - trouble speaking After seizure
- Intrudes/interrupts others - loss of balance - Muscle soreness
Adult: - headache - Sleepiness
- inefficiencies at work - Headaches
- can’t sit still Examples of outcomes: - Brain injury result of 30
- can’t wait in line mins of seizures
- drives too fast Left MCA, inferior
- self-selects active job division: During seizure (depending
- can’t tolerate frustration - aphasia on area affected)
- talks excessively - right visual field deficit Temporal lobe Epilepsy:
- interrupts others - right face and arm cortical- - visceral sensation
- makes inappropriate sensory loss - fear/anxiety
comments - olfactory disturbance
Right ACA: Frontal lobe Epilepsy:
- left leg weakness - speech
- if severe → left - arrest
hemiplegia - vocalization
- salivation
Left PCA: - mastication
- right homonymous Parietal lobe Epilepsy
hemianopia - vertigo
- alexia without agraphia Occipital lobe Epilepsy
- if severe → aphasia - visual hallucination
- eye blinking
Diagnosis - family usually report STML - Diagnostic and statistical - Repeated general seizure
Physical Test: manual of mental disorders - = Status Epilepticus
- reflexes 5th ed (DSM-V)
- muscle tone + strength - 6 symptoms for at least 6 Minimal criterion for
- ability to get up from chair + months diagnosis = recurrent
walk across room - AND some degree of seizures
- sense of sight + hearing obvious functional
- coordination + balance impairment in multiple
, Lab test: settings
- blood test
-mental 3 subtypes:
status/neuropsychology - predominantly
testing hyperactive/impulsive
-brain imaging (MRI, CT, PET - predominantly inattentive
for TAU/A-beta) - both
Mental exam:
- MMSE (assess memory
decline + cognitive
impairment)
- clock drawing test
- diagnosis is based on
ruling out all other
causes → final
diagnosis = post-
mortem to identify
presence of
plaques/tangles
Risk factors Familial (7-10%): No known specific gene - Hypertension None
-mutation in APP, Presenilin - Hypercholesterolaemia - risk increase after 60 y/o
1&2, ApoE No confirmed environmental - Cigarette smoking - There are >70 genes that
Other: factors - Excessive alcohol use have been linked to an
- head injury - Often comorbidities - Insulin resistance epuleptic phenotype
- cardiovascular disease - Learning disorder - diabetes - mutations in ion channels
- Cholesterol level - Anxiety - Poor nutrition
- female gender - Depression - Physical inactivity
- Obesity
