PSYC 101 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE GRADED
A+
how did clever hans give the appearance of answering questions?
members of an audience who knew the answer to a question inadvertently signaled the
horse as to when to start and stop tapping, or which way to shake his head, through
their own head movements
how did oskar pfungst unveil hans's methods?
he fixed blinders on hans so he couldn't see anyone or put people in his sight who didn't
know the answer
fact
an observation; an objective statement, usually based on direct observation, that
reasonable observers agree is true; in psychology, these are usually particular
behaviors, or reliable patterns of behaviors, of persons or animals
theory
an idea, or a conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make
predictions about new facts that might be discovered
hypothesis
any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory
how are facts, theories, and hypotheses relate to one another in scientific
research?
facts lead to theories, which lead to hypotheses, which are tested with experiments or
other research studies, which lead to new facts, which sometimes lead to new theories,
etc.
how does the clever hans story illustrate the value of skepticism?
von osten wanted to believe the extraordinary claim that he could teach his horse to do
great things, but it was pfungst who learned the truth partly because he was highly
skeptical of such claims; his skepticism led him to look more carefully
how does the clever hans story illustrate the value of controlled experimentation?
pfungst identified the conditions under which hans could and could not respond
correctly to the questions
how does the clever hans story illustrate the need for researchers to avoid
communicating their expectations to subjects?
hans relied on the minute, although observable, effects that an expectant observer
emitted when he got to the right answer; this looked like he knew the answer, when in
fact he was picking up on the unintentional reactions of his audience
independent variable
the variable that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable; in
psychology, usually factors that are hypothesized to influence measures of behavior
dependent variable
the variable that is hypothesized to be affected; in psychology, usually measures of
behavior
experiment
, a procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates one or more independent
variables and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables, while keeping all
other variables constant
within-subject experiments
experiments wherein each subject is tested in each of the different conditions of the
independent variable; pfungst's experiments with clever hans are examples
between-groups experiments
experiments wherein there is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of
the independent variable
correlational study
a study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or
measures 2 or more already existing variables to find relationships between them; can
identify relationships between variables; do not tell us in any direct way whether change
in 1 variable is the cause of change in another
how does an analysis of baumrind's classic study of parental disciplinary styles
illustrate the difficulty of trying to infer cause and effect from a correlation?
the researcher did not control either variable, so we cannot be sure what was cause and
what was effect;
descriptive study
describes the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing
relationships between different variables; may or may not make use of numbers
laboratory study
any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area that
has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over
environmental conditions
field study
any research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory; may be conducted in
people's homes, at their workplaces, at shopping malls, or in any place that is part of the
subjects' real environment
self-report methods
procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental
state in some way; can be done through a written questionnaire or interview
observational methods
the data collection method that includes all procedures by which researchers observe
and record the behavior of interest, rather than rely on subjects' self-reports
naturalistic observation
a subcategory of observational methods of data collection in which the researcher
avoids interfering with the subjects' behavior
tests
a subcategory of observational methods of data collection in which the researcher
deliberately presents problems, tasks, or situations to which the subject responds
descriptive statistics
used to summarize sets of data; include all numerical methods for summarizing a set of
data
inferential statistics
A+
how did clever hans give the appearance of answering questions?
members of an audience who knew the answer to a question inadvertently signaled the
horse as to when to start and stop tapping, or which way to shake his head, through
their own head movements
how did oskar pfungst unveil hans's methods?
he fixed blinders on hans so he couldn't see anyone or put people in his sight who didn't
know the answer
fact
an observation; an objective statement, usually based on direct observation, that
reasonable observers agree is true; in psychology, these are usually particular
behaviors, or reliable patterns of behaviors, of persons or animals
theory
an idea, or a conceptual model, that is designed to explain existing facts and make
predictions about new facts that might be discovered
hypothesis
any prediction about new facts that is made from a theory
how are facts, theories, and hypotheses relate to one another in scientific
research?
facts lead to theories, which lead to hypotheses, which are tested with experiments or
other research studies, which lead to new facts, which sometimes lead to new theories,
etc.
how does the clever hans story illustrate the value of skepticism?
von osten wanted to believe the extraordinary claim that he could teach his horse to do
great things, but it was pfungst who learned the truth partly because he was highly
skeptical of such claims; his skepticism led him to look more carefully
how does the clever hans story illustrate the value of controlled experimentation?
pfungst identified the conditions under which hans could and could not respond
correctly to the questions
how does the clever hans story illustrate the need for researchers to avoid
communicating their expectations to subjects?
hans relied on the minute, although observable, effects that an expectant observer
emitted when he got to the right answer; this looked like he knew the answer, when in
fact he was picking up on the unintentional reactions of his audience
independent variable
the variable that is hypothesized to cause some effect on another variable; in
psychology, usually factors that are hypothesized to influence measures of behavior
dependent variable
the variable that is hypothesized to be affected; in psychology, usually measures of
behavior
experiment
, a procedure in which a researcher systematically manipulates one or more independent
variables and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables, while keeping all
other variables constant
within-subject experiments
experiments wherein each subject is tested in each of the different conditions of the
independent variable; pfungst's experiments with clever hans are examples
between-groups experiments
experiments wherein there is a separate group of subjects for each different condition of
the independent variable
correlational study
a study in which the researcher does not manipulate any variable, but observes or
measures 2 or more already existing variables to find relationships between them; can
identify relationships between variables; do not tell us in any direct way whether change
in 1 variable is the cause of change in another
how does an analysis of baumrind's classic study of parental disciplinary styles
illustrate the difficulty of trying to infer cause and effect from a correlation?
the researcher did not control either variable, so we cannot be sure what was cause and
what was effect;
descriptive study
describes the behavior of an individual or set of individuals without assessing
relationships between different variables; may or may not make use of numbers
laboratory study
any research study in which the subjects are brought to a specially designated area that
has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over
environmental conditions
field study
any research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory; may be conducted in
people's homes, at their workplaces, at shopping malls, or in any place that is part of the
subjects' real environment
self-report methods
procedures in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental
state in some way; can be done through a written questionnaire or interview
observational methods
the data collection method that includes all procedures by which researchers observe
and record the behavior of interest, rather than rely on subjects' self-reports
naturalistic observation
a subcategory of observational methods of data collection in which the researcher
avoids interfering with the subjects' behavior
tests
a subcategory of observational methods of data collection in which the researcher
deliberately presents problems, tasks, or situations to which the subject responds
descriptive statistics
used to summarize sets of data; include all numerical methods for summarizing a set of
data
inferential statistics
