Metals and Non-metals
Metals
Physical properties
Shining surface (in pure state) [called metallic lustre]
Generally hard [varies from metal to metal]
Malleable [i.e. can be made thin sheets by beating]
Ductile [i.e. can be drawn into thin wires]
o [Gold → Highly ductile]
Good conductors of heat
High melting point
Conduct electricity
Produce sound [some metals; these are called sonorous]
Non-metals
Non-metals are found in all the three states i.e. solid, liquid and gas, at room temperature.
Iodine (non-metal) has lustre
Carbon has allotropes (exists in different forms)
o Diamond is hard
o Graphite (Conducts electricity)
Metals Non-metals
1. Generally, these are hard and lustrous. These are soft and have no lustre.
2. These are malleable and ductile These are non-malleable and non-
(Malleable: can be beaten into sheets; ductile.
Ductile: can be drawn into wires).
3. These are sonorous (produce ringing These are not sonorous.
sound when struck).
4. These are good conductors of heat and These are poor conductors of heat
electricity. and electricity.
Chemical properties:
Metals Non-metals
These react with oxygen to produce These react with oxygen to form non-
metal oxides, which are basic in metallic oxides, which are acidic in
nature. nature.
, Chemical properties
Reaction with oxygen
Combine with oxygen to form oxides
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Most metal oxides are insoluble in water.
If soluble, they form alkali.
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
K2O + H2O → 2KOH
Sodium, potassium react very easily with O2. So, they are kept immersed in kerosene.
Mg, Al, Zn, Pb form thin layers of oxides.
Reaction with water
Produce metal oxide + H2
If oxide is soluble, then metal hydroxide is formed.
Mg → Doesn’t react with cold H2O
Al, Zn, Fe do not react with H2O, but react with steam.
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Chemical properties:
Metals Non-metals
These react with acids to produce These do not react with acids.
metal salts and hydrogen gas.
Some metals react with bases to Reactions of non-metals with bases are
produce hydrogen gas. complex.
Reaction with Acids
Metal + Dilute acid → Metal salt + H2
H2 doesn’t evolve in the case of HNO3 as it is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises H2.
Cu does not react with acids like dilute H2SO4 and dilute HCl.
Aqua regia
o Freshly-prepared concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in 3:1 ratio
Metals
Physical properties
Shining surface (in pure state) [called metallic lustre]
Generally hard [varies from metal to metal]
Malleable [i.e. can be made thin sheets by beating]
Ductile [i.e. can be drawn into thin wires]
o [Gold → Highly ductile]
Good conductors of heat
High melting point
Conduct electricity
Produce sound [some metals; these are called sonorous]
Non-metals
Non-metals are found in all the three states i.e. solid, liquid and gas, at room temperature.
Iodine (non-metal) has lustre
Carbon has allotropes (exists in different forms)
o Diamond is hard
o Graphite (Conducts electricity)
Metals Non-metals
1. Generally, these are hard and lustrous. These are soft and have no lustre.
2. These are malleable and ductile These are non-malleable and non-
(Malleable: can be beaten into sheets; ductile.
Ductile: can be drawn into wires).
3. These are sonorous (produce ringing These are not sonorous.
sound when struck).
4. These are good conductors of heat and These are poor conductors of heat
electricity. and electricity.
Chemical properties:
Metals Non-metals
These react with oxygen to produce These react with oxygen to form non-
metal oxides, which are basic in metallic oxides, which are acidic in
nature. nature.
, Chemical properties
Reaction with oxygen
Combine with oxygen to form oxides
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3
Most metal oxides are insoluble in water.
If soluble, they form alkali.
Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH
K2O + H2O → 2KOH
Sodium, potassium react very easily with O2. So, they are kept immersed in kerosene.
Mg, Al, Zn, Pb form thin layers of oxides.
Reaction with water
Produce metal oxide + H2
If oxide is soluble, then metal hydroxide is formed.
Mg → Doesn’t react with cold H2O
Al, Zn, Fe do not react with H2O, but react with steam.
2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2
3Fe + 4H2O → Fe3O4 + 4H2
Chemical properties:
Metals Non-metals
These react with acids to produce These do not react with acids.
metal salts and hydrogen gas.
Some metals react with bases to Reactions of non-metals with bases are
produce hydrogen gas. complex.
Reaction with Acids
Metal + Dilute acid → Metal salt + H2
H2 doesn’t evolve in the case of HNO3 as it is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises H2.
Cu does not react with acids like dilute H2SO4 and dilute HCl.
Aqua regia
o Freshly-prepared concentrated HCl and concentrated HNO3 in 3:1 ratio
