NUR 3125 -Final Exam 3 Questions And
All Complete Solutions.
aging and the digestive system - Answer -tooth enamel worn down
-loss of teeth
-peridontal disease and gum recession
-osteoporosis
-decline in # of taste buds, sense of smell, and salivary secretion
-decrease in esophageal and gastric motility
hunger is induced by what? - Answer induced by low glucose levels from lack of food
(with the presence of food in GI track...insulin secretion which reduces appetite)
satiety - Answer feeling of fullness
-fat stimulates CCK which creates feeling of satiety
high levels of fat storage - Answer secretes leptin (supresses appetite)
-increase in NRG expedentures and metabolism
where are lipids and fat soluble vitamins stored? - Answer liver and in glycogen
hormones that control appetite and weight: insulin - Answer beta cell annorexin (supresses appetite)
hormones that control appetite and weight: leptin - Answer adiose tissue annorexin (supresses
appetite)
-released when high levels of fat storage
hormones that control appetite and weight: ghrelin - Answer high during fasting, stomach stimulant
-stimulates hypothalamus to increase appetite
,"hunger" hormone
hormones that control appetite and weight: peptide YY - Answer intestine stimulant, supresses
appetite
"satiety" hormone
Amylin - Answer pancreatic beta cells, suppresses appetite
serotonin - Answer appetite suppresant
cocaine - Answer appetite suppresant
causes of altered nutrition - Answer genetic defects
ineffective intestinal mucosa
d/v/laxative use
unsafe foods/water
hypermetabolic states
common symptoms for nausea - Answer hypersalivation and tachycardia
retching and projectile vomiting (emesis) - Answer chemical trigger zone
retching: non-productive vomiting
projectile vomiting: not preceded by nausea or retching
constipation and causes - Answer infrequent/difficulty to defecate
-caused by neurogenic disorders, low-residue diet, sedentary lifestyle, excessive use of antacids, opioids,
hypothyroidism, gastric paresis (decreased gastric emptying)
-4 types: normal transit, slow transit, pelvic floor disfunction, secondary constipation
,normal defecation patterns - Answer 2-3x per day to 1x per week
normal transit (functional) constipation - Answer normal rate of stool passage but difficulty with stool
evacuation
-from low-residue diet, low-fluid diet, sedentary lifestyle
slow-transit constipation - Answer impaired colonic activity wth infrequent bowel mvmts
-straining, abdominal distention, palpable stool
pelvic floor disfunction: constipation - Answer failure of pelvic floor muscles or anal sphincter to relax
during defecation
secondary constipation - Answer caused by neurogenic disorder, diet, meds
clinical manifestions for constipation - Answer straining, lumpy/hard stool, sensation of incomplete
emptying at least 25% of time
2 of the following f
-or less than 3 bowel mvmts per week
fecal impaction (obstipation) - Answer hard, dry stool retained in the rectum
valsalva maneuver - Answer sometimes used if pt has constipation
-increase in abdominal pressure, reduces venous return and CO, bradycardia, transient decrease in BP
(can be fatal for some pts with comorbidities - esp pts with heart diseases)
problems related to constipation - Answer nutrition, GI pain, diverticulitis, fecal impaction, colonic
perforation
diarrhea: small and large volumes - Answer !! need good Hx and inspection of abdomen and stool
increase in volume, fluidity, weight of feces
, -sm volume: vol of feces not increased, excessive intestinal mobility
-large volume: due to excessive amounts of water and secretions in the feces
3 types of diarrhea - Answer 1. osmotic: non-absorbable substances draws excess water into intestine
(large volume diarrhea)
2. secretory: excess mucosal secretions (large volume) - bacterial problem!!
3. motility: increase in motility leaves less transit time for fluid reabsorption
what can diarrhea cause? - Answer f/e imbalance
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (hyper/hyponatremia), metabolic acidosis, weight loss
tx for diarrhea - Answer -fecal transplantation (collect healthy feces and place it into pt to introduce
healthy bacteria into intestinal tract)
-restore f/e imbalance
-antimotility/water reabsorption meds
-c.diff related = probiotics
-mild diarrhea: natural bran, psyllium (fiber)
systemic manifestations of diarrhea: acute bacterial or viral infection - Answer fever, with ot without
vomiting and cramping
systemic manifestations of diarrhea: IBS - Answer fever, cramping, bloody stools
systemic manifestations of diarrhea: malabsorption syndromes - Answer steatorrhea (fat in the stools),
bloating, diarrhea
abdominal parietal (somatic) pain - Answer more localized and intense
abdominal visceral pain - Answer arises from a stimulus; difficult to localize (cramping, fullness)
All Complete Solutions.
aging and the digestive system - Answer -tooth enamel worn down
-loss of teeth
-peridontal disease and gum recession
-osteoporosis
-decline in # of taste buds, sense of smell, and salivary secretion
-decrease in esophageal and gastric motility
hunger is induced by what? - Answer induced by low glucose levels from lack of food
(with the presence of food in GI track...insulin secretion which reduces appetite)
satiety - Answer feeling of fullness
-fat stimulates CCK which creates feeling of satiety
high levels of fat storage - Answer secretes leptin (supresses appetite)
-increase in NRG expedentures and metabolism
where are lipids and fat soluble vitamins stored? - Answer liver and in glycogen
hormones that control appetite and weight: insulin - Answer beta cell annorexin (supresses appetite)
hormones that control appetite and weight: leptin - Answer adiose tissue annorexin (supresses
appetite)
-released when high levels of fat storage
hormones that control appetite and weight: ghrelin - Answer high during fasting, stomach stimulant
-stimulates hypothalamus to increase appetite
,"hunger" hormone
hormones that control appetite and weight: peptide YY - Answer intestine stimulant, supresses
appetite
"satiety" hormone
Amylin - Answer pancreatic beta cells, suppresses appetite
serotonin - Answer appetite suppresant
cocaine - Answer appetite suppresant
causes of altered nutrition - Answer genetic defects
ineffective intestinal mucosa
d/v/laxative use
unsafe foods/water
hypermetabolic states
common symptoms for nausea - Answer hypersalivation and tachycardia
retching and projectile vomiting (emesis) - Answer chemical trigger zone
retching: non-productive vomiting
projectile vomiting: not preceded by nausea or retching
constipation and causes - Answer infrequent/difficulty to defecate
-caused by neurogenic disorders, low-residue diet, sedentary lifestyle, excessive use of antacids, opioids,
hypothyroidism, gastric paresis (decreased gastric emptying)
-4 types: normal transit, slow transit, pelvic floor disfunction, secondary constipation
,normal defecation patterns - Answer 2-3x per day to 1x per week
normal transit (functional) constipation - Answer normal rate of stool passage but difficulty with stool
evacuation
-from low-residue diet, low-fluid diet, sedentary lifestyle
slow-transit constipation - Answer impaired colonic activity wth infrequent bowel mvmts
-straining, abdominal distention, palpable stool
pelvic floor disfunction: constipation - Answer failure of pelvic floor muscles or anal sphincter to relax
during defecation
secondary constipation - Answer caused by neurogenic disorder, diet, meds
clinical manifestions for constipation - Answer straining, lumpy/hard stool, sensation of incomplete
emptying at least 25% of time
2 of the following f
-or less than 3 bowel mvmts per week
fecal impaction (obstipation) - Answer hard, dry stool retained in the rectum
valsalva maneuver - Answer sometimes used if pt has constipation
-increase in abdominal pressure, reduces venous return and CO, bradycardia, transient decrease in BP
(can be fatal for some pts with comorbidities - esp pts with heart diseases)
problems related to constipation - Answer nutrition, GI pain, diverticulitis, fecal impaction, colonic
perforation
diarrhea: small and large volumes - Answer !! need good Hx and inspection of abdomen and stool
increase in volume, fluidity, weight of feces
, -sm volume: vol of feces not increased, excessive intestinal mobility
-large volume: due to excessive amounts of water and secretions in the feces
3 types of diarrhea - Answer 1. osmotic: non-absorbable substances draws excess water into intestine
(large volume diarrhea)
2. secretory: excess mucosal secretions (large volume) - bacterial problem!!
3. motility: increase in motility leaves less transit time for fluid reabsorption
what can diarrhea cause? - Answer f/e imbalance
dehydration, electrolyte imbalance (hyper/hyponatremia), metabolic acidosis, weight loss
tx for diarrhea - Answer -fecal transplantation (collect healthy feces and place it into pt to introduce
healthy bacteria into intestinal tract)
-restore f/e imbalance
-antimotility/water reabsorption meds
-c.diff related = probiotics
-mild diarrhea: natural bran, psyllium (fiber)
systemic manifestations of diarrhea: acute bacterial or viral infection - Answer fever, with ot without
vomiting and cramping
systemic manifestations of diarrhea: IBS - Answer fever, cramping, bloody stools
systemic manifestations of diarrhea: malabsorption syndromes - Answer steatorrhea (fat in the stools),
bloating, diarrhea
abdominal parietal (somatic) pain - Answer more localized and intense
abdominal visceral pain - Answer arises from a stimulus; difficult to localize (cramping, fullness)
