,Chapter 1 Test A
. . .
MULTIPLE.CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:.The.following.selections.relate.to.distinguishing.arguments.from.nonarguments.an
d.identifying.conclusions..Select.the.best.answer.for.each.
1. There.appears.to.be.a.growing.happiness.gap.between.men.and.women..Women.today.are.working.more
.and.relaxing.less,.while.men.are.working.less.and.relaxing. more..Forty.years.ago.a.typical.woman.spent.
40.minutes.more.per.week.than.the.typical.man.performing.an.activity.considered.unpleasant..Today,.w
ith.men.working.less,.the.gap.is.90.minutes.and.growing.
a. Argument;.conclusion:.Today.....the.gap.is.90.minutes.and.growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Forty.years.ago.....an.activity.considered.unpleasant.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.There.appears.to.be.....between.men.and.women.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Women.today.are.working.more.and.relaxing.less..A
NS:. D PTS:. 2
2. Lead.is.toxic,.but.do.you.know.why?.Lead.is.toxic.mainly.because.it.preferentially.replaces.other.metals.in.
biochemical.reactions..In.so.doing.it.interferes.with.the.proteins.that.regulate.blood.pressure.(which.can.ca
use.development.delays.in.children.and.high.blood.pressure.in.adults),.heme.production.(which.can.lead.to.
anemia),.and.sperm.production..Lead.also.displaces.calcium.in.the.reactions.that.transmit.electrical.impuls
es.in.the.brain,.which.diminishes.the.ability.to.think.and.recall.information.
Anne.Marie.Helmstine,."Your.Guide.to.Chemistry"
a. Argument;.conclusion:.It.interferes.with.the.proteins.....and.sperm.production.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Lead.is.toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.It.preferentially.replaces.other.metals.in.biochemical.reactions.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Lead.also.displaces.calcium.....recall.information..A
NS:. C PTS:. 2
3. Aristotle.focused.on.clarifying.the.concept.of.virtue.itself..He.argued.that.it.was.virtuous.to.choose.the.prope
r.amount.of.emotion.and/or.action.called.for.in.a.particular.situation.and.that.extremes.of.emotion.and.actio
n.were.vices..In.all.communities.there.are.some.men.of.practical.wisdom.who.have.the.capacity.to.judge.wis
ely..Aristotle.argued.that.they.have.the.capacity.to.follow.the."right.rule".whatever.the.situation.
David.Cooper,.Value.Pluralism.and.Ethical.Choice
a. Argument;.conclusion:.In.all.communities.....capacity.to.judge.wisely.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Aristotle.focused.on.clarifying.the.concept.of.virtue.itself.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.They.have.the.capacity.to.follow.....the.situation.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.He.argued.that.it.was.virtuous.....were.vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:. E PTS:. 2
4. Illegal.immigrants.pay.local.sales.taxes,.and.many.of.them.also.pay.state,.local,.and.federal.income.tax.and.S
ocial.Security.tax..They.also.purchase.items.from.local.merchants,.increasing.the.amount.these.merchants.p
ay.in.taxes..In.addition,.they.work.for.low.salaries,.which.increases.the.earnings.of.their.employers.and.the.a
mount.of.taxes.these.employers.pay..Thus,.it.is.not.correct.to.say.that.illegal.immigrants.contribute.nothing.t
o.the.communities.in.which.they.live.
a. Argument;.conclusion:.It.is.not.correct.to.say.....communities.in.which.they.live.
1
, b. Argument;.conclusion:.They.work.for.low.salaries.....these.employers.pay.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Illegal.immigrants.pay.....Social.Security.tax.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.They.also.purchase.items.....pay.in.taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:. A PTS:. 2
5. Numerous.studies.have.indicated.that.women.of.color,.black.women.in.particular,.are.over-arrested,.over-
indicted,.and.over-sentenced..African-
American.women.are.seven.times.more.likely.to.be.arrested.for.prostitution.than.women.of.other.ethnic.gr
oups..Black.women.have.received.significantly.longer.sentences.for.crimes.against.property.and.served.lo
nger.periods.in.prison..For.both.murder.and.drug.offenses,.Euroamerican.women.ended.up.serving.one-
third.less.time.for.the.same.offenses.than.black.women.
Nancy.Kurshan,."Women.and.Imprisonment.in.the.U.S."
a. Argument;.conclusion:.African-American.women.....other.ethnic.groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.For.both.murder.and.drug.offenses.....black.women.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.Numerous.studies.have.indicated.....over-sentenced.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Black.women.have.received.....longer.periods.in.prison..A
NS:. B PTS:. 2
6. It's.even.more.important.these.days.that.your.computer.be.protected.by.a.firewall..There.are.criminal.eleme
nts.lurking.in.the.shadows.of.cyberspace.who.send.out.probes.to.detect.unprotected.PCs..Once.a.vulnerable.
computer.is.found,.these.criminals.install.software.that.assists.them.in.committing.identity.theft.and.fencin
g.stolen.IDs..They.also.defraud.online.advertisers.by.using.these.zombie.computers.to.visit.pay-per-
click.ads.
a. Argument;.conclusion:.There.are.criminal.elements.....to.detect.unprotected.PCs.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Once.a.vulnerable.computer.....fencing.stolen.IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.They.also.defraud.....to.visit.pay-per-click.ads.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.It's.even.more.important.....protected.by.a.firewall..A
NS:. E PTS:. 2
7. The.earth.is.of.interest.to.astronomy.for.many.reasons..Nearly.all.observations.must.be.made.through.the.at
mosphere,.and.the.phenomena.of.the.upper.atmosphere.and.the.magnetosphere.reflect.the.state.of.interplane
tary.space..The.earth.is.also.the.most.important.object.of.comparison.for.planetologists.
Hannu.Karttunen,.et.al.,.Fundamental.Astronomy
a. Argument;.conclusion:.The.phenomena.....state.of.interplanetary.space.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.The.earth.is.also.....for.planetologists.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.The.earth.is.of.interest.to.astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Nearly.all.observations.....through.the.atmosphere..A
NS:. C PTS:. 2
8. If.the.trade.in.tiger.products.is.banned,.tiger.reserves.are.guarded.by.well.equipped.staff,.communities.abutti
ng.tiger.habitat.are.given.a.stake.in.protecting.tigers,.and.the.makers.of.traditional.medicines.can.be.persuad
ed.that.tiger.parts.are.not.needed,.then.tiger.poaching.will.be.halted,.habitat.and.life.sustaining.prey.will.be.r
estored,.and.the.immanent.extinction.of.tigers.in.the.wild.will.be.averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.The.trade.in.tiger.products.is.banned.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Tiger.poaching.will.be.halted.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.The.makers.of.traditional.medicines.....not.needed.
2
, e. Argument;.conclusion:.Tiger.poaching.will.be.halted.....will.be.averted..A
NS:. A PTS:. 2
9. Humans.are.biological.organisms..To.understand.our.behavior.and.mental.processes,.we.need.to.understa
nd.their.biological.underpinnings,.starting.with.the.cellular.level,.the.neuron..How.we.feel,.learn,.rememb
er,.and.think.all.stem.from.neuronal.activity..So,.how.a.neuron.works.and.how.neurons.communicate.are.cr
ucial.pieces.of.information.in.solving.the.puzzle.of.human.behavior.and.mental.processing.
Richard.Griggs,.Psychology:.A.Concise.Introduction
a. Argument;.conclusion:.To.understand.our.behavior.....the.neuron.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Humans.are.biological.organisms.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.How.we.feel.....neuronal.activity.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.How.a.neuron.works.....mental.processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:. D PTS:. 2
10. Viruses.are.acellular.entities.too.small.to.be.seen.with.a.light.microscope..They.are.composed.of.a.nucleic.a
cid.and.a.few.proteins..Viruses.replicate.themselves.and.display.other.properties.of.living.organisms.only.
when.they.have.invaded.living.cells..Indeed,.some.viruses.can.be.crystallized.and.stored.in.a.container.on.a.
shelf.for.years,.but.they.retain.the.capacity.to.invade.cells.and.cause.disease.
Jacquelyn.C..Black,.Microbiology:.Principles.and.Explorations
a. Argument;.conclusion:.They.are.composed.of.a.nucleic.acid.and.a.few.proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Viruses.are.acellular.entities.....microscope.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.Indeed,.some.viruses.can.be.crystallized.....cause.disease.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Viruses.replicate.themselves.....invaded.living.cells..A
NS:. B PTS:. 2
11. Harnessing.the.clean,.abundant.energy.of.the.sun.and.wind.is.critical.to.solving.the.global.warming.proble
m..Technological.advances.have.brought.the.cost.of.electricity.generated.by.the.wind.down.by.82.percent.
since.1981..Solar.energy.technology.has.made.remarkable.progress.as.new.photovoltaic.cells.have.been.d
eveloped.to.convert.even.greater.amounts.of.sunlight.directly.into.electricity..Today.the.costs.of.wind.and.
solar.power.are.becoming.competitive.with.dirty.coal-fired.plants.
Sierra.Club,."Global.Warming.Solutions"
a. Argument;.conclusion:.Today.the.costs.of.wind.....dirty.coal-fired.plants.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Technological.advances.....by.82.percent.since.1981.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Harnessing.the.clean.....the.global.warming.problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Solar.energy.technology.....directly.into.electricity..A
NS:. D PTS:. 2
12. It.is.likely.that.innocent.prisoners.in.this.country.have.been.executed.for.crimes.they.did.not.commit..From.1
973.until.2007,.124.death.row.inmates.have.been.exonerated..In.many.of.these.cases.DNA.evidence.played.a
.crucial.role..Yet,.in.that.same.time.frame,.more.than.1000.prisoners.were.executed..For.many.of.these.prison
ers.no.DNA.evidence.was.available..If.such.evidence.had.been.available,.how.may.more.would.have.been.ex
onerated?
a. Argument;.conclusion:.In.many.of.these.cases.....played.a.crucial.role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.From.1973.....have.been.exonerated.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.For.many.of.these.prisoners.....was.available.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.It.is.likely.that.innocent.prisoners.....they.did.not.commit.
3
. . .
MULTIPLE.CHOICE
INSTRUCTIONS:.The.following.selections.relate.to.distinguishing.arguments.from.nonarguments.an
d.identifying.conclusions..Select.the.best.answer.for.each.
1. There.appears.to.be.a.growing.happiness.gap.between.men.and.women..Women.today.are.working.more
.and.relaxing.less,.while.men.are.working.less.and.relaxing. more..Forty.years.ago.a.typical.woman.spent.
40.minutes.more.per.week.than.the.typical.man.performing.an.activity.considered.unpleasant..Today,.w
ith.men.working.less,.the.gap.is.90.minutes.and.growing.
a. Argument;.conclusion:.Today.....the.gap.is.90.minutes.and.growing.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Forty.years.ago.....an.activity.considered.unpleasant.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.There.appears.to.be.....between.men.and.women.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Women.today.are.working.more.and.relaxing.less..A
NS:. D PTS:. 2
2. Lead.is.toxic,.but.do.you.know.why?.Lead.is.toxic.mainly.because.it.preferentially.replaces.other.metals.in.
biochemical.reactions..In.so.doing.it.interferes.with.the.proteins.that.regulate.blood.pressure.(which.can.ca
use.development.delays.in.children.and.high.blood.pressure.in.adults),.heme.production.(which.can.lead.to.
anemia),.and.sperm.production..Lead.also.displaces.calcium.in.the.reactions.that.transmit.electrical.impuls
es.in.the.brain,.which.diminishes.the.ability.to.think.and.recall.information.
Anne.Marie.Helmstine,."Your.Guide.to.Chemistry"
a. Argument;.conclusion:.It.interferes.with.the.proteins.....and.sperm.production.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Lead.is.toxic.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.It.preferentially.replaces.other.metals.in.biochemical.reactions.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Lead.also.displaces.calcium.....recall.information..A
NS:. C PTS:. 2
3. Aristotle.focused.on.clarifying.the.concept.of.virtue.itself..He.argued.that.it.was.virtuous.to.choose.the.prope
r.amount.of.emotion.and/or.action.called.for.in.a.particular.situation.and.that.extremes.of.emotion.and.actio
n.were.vices..In.all.communities.there.are.some.men.of.practical.wisdom.who.have.the.capacity.to.judge.wis
ely..Aristotle.argued.that.they.have.the.capacity.to.follow.the."right.rule".whatever.the.situation.
David.Cooper,.Value.Pluralism.and.Ethical.Choice
a. Argument;.conclusion:.In.all.communities.....capacity.to.judge.wisely.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Aristotle.focused.on.clarifying.the.concept.of.virtue.itself.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.They.have.the.capacity.to.follow.....the.situation.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.He.argued.that.it.was.virtuous.....were.vices
e. Nonargument.
ANS:. E PTS:. 2
4. Illegal.immigrants.pay.local.sales.taxes,.and.many.of.them.also.pay.state,.local,.and.federal.income.tax.and.S
ocial.Security.tax..They.also.purchase.items.from.local.merchants,.increasing.the.amount.these.merchants.p
ay.in.taxes..In.addition,.they.work.for.low.salaries,.which.increases.the.earnings.of.their.employers.and.the.a
mount.of.taxes.these.employers.pay..Thus,.it.is.not.correct.to.say.that.illegal.immigrants.contribute.nothing.t
o.the.communities.in.which.they.live.
a. Argument;.conclusion:.It.is.not.correct.to.say.....communities.in.which.they.live.
1
, b. Argument;.conclusion:.They.work.for.low.salaries.....these.employers.pay.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Illegal.immigrants.pay.....Social.Security.tax.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.They.also.purchase.items.....pay.in.taxes.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:. A PTS:. 2
5. Numerous.studies.have.indicated.that.women.of.color,.black.women.in.particular,.are.over-arrested,.over-
indicted,.and.over-sentenced..African-
American.women.are.seven.times.more.likely.to.be.arrested.for.prostitution.than.women.of.other.ethnic.gr
oups..Black.women.have.received.significantly.longer.sentences.for.crimes.against.property.and.served.lo
nger.periods.in.prison..For.both.murder.and.drug.offenses,.Euroamerican.women.ended.up.serving.one-
third.less.time.for.the.same.offenses.than.black.women.
Nancy.Kurshan,."Women.and.Imprisonment.in.the.U.S."
a. Argument;.conclusion:.African-American.women.....other.ethnic.groups.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.For.both.murder.and.drug.offenses.....black.women.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.Numerous.studies.have.indicated.....over-sentenced.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Black.women.have.received.....longer.periods.in.prison..A
NS:. B PTS:. 2
6. It's.even.more.important.these.days.that.your.computer.be.protected.by.a.firewall..There.are.criminal.eleme
nts.lurking.in.the.shadows.of.cyberspace.who.send.out.probes.to.detect.unprotected.PCs..Once.a.vulnerable.
computer.is.found,.these.criminals.install.software.that.assists.them.in.committing.identity.theft.and.fencin
g.stolen.IDs..They.also.defraud.online.advertisers.by.using.these.zombie.computers.to.visit.pay-per-
click.ads.
a. Argument;.conclusion:.There.are.criminal.elements.....to.detect.unprotected.PCs.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Once.a.vulnerable.computer.....fencing.stolen.IDs.
c. Nonargument.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.They.also.defraud.....to.visit.pay-per-click.ads.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.It's.even.more.important.....protected.by.a.firewall..A
NS:. E PTS:. 2
7. The.earth.is.of.interest.to.astronomy.for.many.reasons..Nearly.all.observations.must.be.made.through.the.at
mosphere,.and.the.phenomena.of.the.upper.atmosphere.and.the.magnetosphere.reflect.the.state.of.interplane
tary.space..The.earth.is.also.the.most.important.object.of.comparison.for.planetologists.
Hannu.Karttunen,.et.al.,.Fundamental.Astronomy
a. Argument;.conclusion:.The.phenomena.....state.of.interplanetary.space.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.The.earth.is.also.....for.planetologists.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.The.earth.is.of.interest.to.astronomy.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Nearly.all.observations.....through.the.atmosphere..A
NS:. C PTS:. 2
8. If.the.trade.in.tiger.products.is.banned,.tiger.reserves.are.guarded.by.well.equipped.staff,.communities.abutti
ng.tiger.habitat.are.given.a.stake.in.protecting.tigers,.and.the.makers.of.traditional.medicines.can.be.persuad
ed.that.tiger.parts.are.not.needed,.then.tiger.poaching.will.be.halted,.habitat.and.life.sustaining.prey.will.be.r
estored,.and.the.immanent.extinction.of.tigers.in.the.wild.will.be.averted.
a. Nonargument.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.The.trade.in.tiger.products.is.banned.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Tiger.poaching.will.be.halted.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.The.makers.of.traditional.medicines.....not.needed.
2
, e. Argument;.conclusion:.Tiger.poaching.will.be.halted.....will.be.averted..A
NS:. A PTS:. 2
9. Humans.are.biological.organisms..To.understand.our.behavior.and.mental.processes,.we.need.to.understa
nd.their.biological.underpinnings,.starting.with.the.cellular.level,.the.neuron..How.we.feel,.learn,.rememb
er,.and.think.all.stem.from.neuronal.activity..So,.how.a.neuron.works.and.how.neurons.communicate.are.cr
ucial.pieces.of.information.in.solving.the.puzzle.of.human.behavior.and.mental.processing.
Richard.Griggs,.Psychology:.A.Concise.Introduction
a. Argument;.conclusion:.To.understand.our.behavior.....the.neuron.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Humans.are.biological.organisms.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.How.we.feel.....neuronal.activity.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.How.a.neuron.works.....mental.processing.
e. Nonargument.
ANS:. D PTS:. 2
10. Viruses.are.acellular.entities.too.small.to.be.seen.with.a.light.microscope..They.are.composed.of.a.nucleic.a
cid.and.a.few.proteins..Viruses.replicate.themselves.and.display.other.properties.of.living.organisms.only.
when.they.have.invaded.living.cells..Indeed,.some.viruses.can.be.crystallized.and.stored.in.a.container.on.a.
shelf.for.years,.but.they.retain.the.capacity.to.invade.cells.and.cause.disease.
Jacquelyn.C..Black,.Microbiology:.Principles.and.Explorations
a. Argument;.conclusion:.They.are.composed.of.a.nucleic.acid.and.a.few.proteins.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Viruses.are.acellular.entities.....microscope.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.Indeed,.some.viruses.can.be.crystallized.....cause.disease.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Viruses.replicate.themselves.....invaded.living.cells..A
NS:. B PTS:. 2
11. Harnessing.the.clean,.abundant.energy.of.the.sun.and.wind.is.critical.to.solving.the.global.warming.proble
m..Technological.advances.have.brought.the.cost.of.electricity.generated.by.the.wind.down.by.82.percent.
since.1981..Solar.energy.technology.has.made.remarkable.progress.as.new.photovoltaic.cells.have.been.d
eveloped.to.convert.even.greater.amounts.of.sunlight.directly.into.electricity..Today.the.costs.of.wind.and.
solar.power.are.becoming.competitive.with.dirty.coal-fired.plants.
Sierra.Club,."Global.Warming.Solutions"
a. Argument;.conclusion:.Today.the.costs.of.wind.....dirty.coal-fired.plants.
b. Argument;.conclusion:.Technological.advances.....by.82.percent.since.1981.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.Harnessing.the.clean.....the.global.warming.problem.
d. Nonargument.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.Solar.energy.technology.....directly.into.electricity..A
NS:. D PTS:. 2
12. It.is.likely.that.innocent.prisoners.in.this.country.have.been.executed.for.crimes.they.did.not.commit..From.1
973.until.2007,.124.death.row.inmates.have.been.exonerated..In.many.of.these.cases.DNA.evidence.played.a
.crucial.role..Yet,.in.that.same.time.frame,.more.than.1000.prisoners.were.executed..For.many.of.these.prison
ers.no.DNA.evidence.was.available..If.such.evidence.had.been.available,.how.may.more.would.have.been.ex
onerated?
a. Argument;.conclusion:.In.many.of.these.cases.....played.a.crucial.role.
b. Nonargument.
c. Argument;.conclusion:.From.1973.....have.been.exonerated.
d. Argument;.conclusion:.For.many.of.these.prisoners.....was.available.
e. Argument;.conclusion:.It.is.likely.that.innocent.prisoners.....they.did.not.commit.
3
