NRSG 110- Exam 1

What are the primary objectives of the nurse as a caregiver? 1. promote health 2. prevent illness 3. restore health 4. facilitate coping with illness, disability or death a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality and lifestyle - well a response to disease is an ___ - illness a state in which a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired - illness active process, person moves toward one's maximum potential; state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not merely near the absence of disease or infirmity - health addresses the many dimensions that comprise the whole person; nurse must understand and respect each person's own definition of health and responses to illness; be familiar with models of health and illness - holistic care how frequently disease occurs - morbidity the number of deaths resulting from disease - mortality used interchangeably with health; an active state of being healthy, living a lifestyle that promotes good physical, mental and emotional health - wellness medical term, referring to pathological changes in the structure or function of the body or mind; diagnosed and treated by a physician - disease response of the person to a disease; abnormal process in which the person's level of functioning is changed when compared with a previous level; nurse focuses on person with illness - illness ___ illness: rapid onset of symptoms and lasts only a relatively short time; some can be life threatening; person usually returns to normal function - acute ___ illness: broad term, many different physical and mental alterations in health with 1 or more characteristics; slow onset; many have periods of remission and exacerbation 1. permanent change 2. causes or is caused by irreversible alterations in anatomy and physiology 3. requires special patient education 4. long period of care or support - chronic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, lung disease and arthritis are examples of ___ illnesses - chronic with ___ illness, 25% will have an effect on their ADLs - chronic disease is present, but person does not experience symptoms - remission symptoms of disease reappear - exacerbation how people cope with altered functioning caused by the disease; influenced by age, gender, family values, economic status, culture, educational level and mental status - illness behaviors What are the stages of illness behavior? (hint:4) - 1. experiencing symptoms 2. assuming the sick role 3. assuming a dependent role 4. achieving recovery and rehabilitation Which stage of illness behavior? pain, rash, fever, bleeding and coughing; if symptoms last short period of time or are relieved by self care, person usually takes no further action; if symptoms continue person enters next stage; - stage 1 experiencing symptoms which stage of illness behavior? self defines as sick, seeks validation, gives up normal activities; illness is "legitimate" when health care provider diagnoses it and prescribes treatment; after seeking help from provider person becomes a patient and enters the next stage - stage 2 assuming the sick role which stage of illness behavior? patient's decision to accept the diagnosis and follow prescribed treatment plan; needs help of others - stage 3 assuming a dependent role which stage of illness behavior? person gives up dependent role and resumes normal activities and characteristics; assumes ADLs - stage 4 achieving recovery and rehabilitation when an illness occurs, daily life changes for both the ___ and the ___ - patient; family some of the impacts of illness include alterations / changes in the following: (hint:5) - 1. behavioral and emotional changes 2. body image 3. self-concept 4. family roles 5. family dynamic what are some things that illness can do to a person? a family? - feel blame; over protection; guilt, anxiety, fear, alone, others will have to take on roles they are not use to particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic and /or environmental disadvantage - health disparity highest level of health for all people - health equity a particular type of health difference linked with social disadvantage, economic disadvantage, environmental disadvantage - health disparity ___ are influenced by many different factors, including racial and ethnic groups, poverty, gender, age, mental health, educational level, disabilities, sexual orientation, health insurance and access to health care - health disparities nurses give ___ nursing care and must consider all of the interrelated dimensions of of holistic care - holistic what are the 6 dimensions of holistic care / factors affecting health and illness? - 1. intellectual 2. environmental 3. spiritual 4. sociocultural 5. emotional 6. physical which dimension of holistic are / factor that affects health and illness? genetic in inheritance, age, development level, race and gender - physical which dimension of holistic are / factor that affects health and illness? how the mind affects body functions and responds to body conditions, mind, stress and anxiety - emotional which dimension of holistic are / factor that affects health and illness? cognitive abilities, educational background, and past experiences, how a person responds to health teaching - intellectual which dimension of holistic are / factor that affects health and illness? housing, sanitation, climate, pollution of air, food and water - environmental which dimension of holistic are / factor that affects health and illness? economic level, lifestyle, family and culture - sociocultural which dimension of holistic are / factor that affects health and illness? spiritual beliefs and values - spiritual something that increases a person's chance for illness or injury - risk factor what are some major risk factors affecting health? (6) - 1. age 2. genetics 3. physiologic 4. health habits 5. lifestyle 6. environment ___ risk factor: things people can change ex. quit smoking - modifiable ___ risk factor: cannot be changed ex. family history of cancer - nonmodifiable what major risk factors are non-modifiable? - age and genetics what major risk factors are modifiable? - physiologic; health habits; lifestyle; environment behavior of a person who is motivated by a personal desire to increase well being and health potential - health promotion behavior motivated by a behavior to avoid or detect disease or to maintain functioning within the constraints of an illness or disability - illness / disease prevention / health protection what are the 3 levels of prevention? - 1. primary 2. secondary 3. teriary which level of prevention? -promoting health and preventing development of disease; nurse focus on people or groups -ex. immunization clinics, family clinics, healthy diet teaching -health risk assessment important during this stage (assessment of total person) -teaching -true prevention - level 1 primary which level of prevention? -focus on screening for early detection with prompt diagnosis and treatment -identify an illness, reduce or reverse severity, provide cure, return to health as quickly as possible -early diagnosis and treatment -ex. administering medications and caring for wounds - level 2 primary which level of prevention? -begins after illness diagnosis and treated -goal: reduce disability and help rehabilitate patient to a maximum level of function -nursing activities: teaching patient with diabetes how to recognize and prevent complications, -referring -nurses monitor response of the patient to prescribed therapy and providing services to facilitate patient's recover -minimize effects, prevent further disability, rehabilitation - level 3 tertiary What are the models of health and illness? - 1. the health belief model 2. the health promotion model 3. the health-illness continuum 4. the agent-host environment model ___model: -focuses on what people perceive or believe to be true about themselves in relation to their health - the health belief what are the components of individual perceptions of threats of a disease under the health belief model? - 1. perceived susceptibility to a disease 2. perceived seriousness of a disease 3. perceived benefits of a action the belief that one either will or will not contract a disease - perceived susceptibility of disease concerns the patient's perception of the threat the disease poses to health and it's effects on the person's lifestyle - perceived susceptibility of seriousness of a disease the person's belief about how effectively measures will prevent the illness - perceived benefit of action In addition to the three components of the health belief model, a person's health beliefs are affected by modifying factors including: - demographic variables sociopsychological structural variables cues to action self efficacy what are some examples of demographic variables? - age and gender examples of sociopsychological factors - personality and peer group pressure examples of structural variables (modifying factor of health belief model) - knowledge and prior contact with the disease activities such as others' advice, mass media campaigns, literature, appointmentreminder telephone calls or postcards and the illness of a significant other are examples of a modifying factor known as ___ - cues to action one's own belief in the ability to reach goals and complete tasks; strong influence on a person's choices, particularly regarding health behaviors - self efficacy --- model: illustrate how people interact with their environment as they pursue health -nurses uses components to design and provide interventions -major motivators: behavior specific knowledge, beliefs and relationships - health promotion a ___ health promotion model includes activity-related affect, a commitment to a plan of action, and immediate competing demands and preferences - revised ___ is the outcome of the health promotion model and is directed toward attaining positive health outcomes and experiences throughout the lifespan - health-related behavior ___: this model views health as a constantly changing state, with high-level wellness and death at opposite ends of a graduated scale or continuum - health-illness continuum the ___ illustrates the ever changing state of health as a person adapts to changes in internal and external environments to maintain state of well being - Health-ilness continuum the ___ model of health and illness, views the interaction between an external agent, a susceptible host, and the environment as causes of a disease in a person - agent-host environment a traditional model that explains how certain factors place some people at risk for an infectious disease - agent-host environment model weight loss, diet, exercise, smoking cessation, reduced alcohol consumption, avoidance of illicit drugs, farm safety, seat belts and child safety seats, immunizations, water treatment, safer sex practices and effective parenting are topics that fall under the ___ level of health promotion and illness prevention - primary screenings (BP, cholesterol, glaucoma, HIV, skin cancer), pap smears, mammograms, testicular examinations and family counseling are all topics that fall under the ___ level of health promotion and illness prevention - secondary medication, medical therapy, surgical treatment, rehabilitation, physical therapy, occupational therapy and job training are all topics that fall under the ___ level of health promotion and illness prevention - tertiary The following are examples of which risk factor? -school-aged children are at high risk for communicable disease -after menopause, women are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease - age The following are examples of which risk factor? a family history of cancer or diabetes predisposes a person to developing the disease - genetic factors The following are examples of which risk factor? -obesity increases the possibility of heart disease -pregnancy places increased risk on both the mother and the developing fetus - physiologic factors The following are examples of which risk factor? -smoking increases the probability of lung cancer -poor nutrition can lead to a variety of health problems - health habits The following are examples of which risk factor? -multiple sexual relationships increase the risk for sexually transmitted infections (ex. gonorrhea or AIDS) -events that increase stress (ex. divorce, retirement, work-related pressure) may precipitate accident or illness - lifestyle The following are examples of which risk factor? working and living environments (such as hazardous materials and poor sanitation) may contribute to a disease - environment a nurse assesses patients in a physician's office who are experiencing different levels of health and illness. which statements best define the concepts of health and illness? select all that apply a. health and illness are the same for all people b. health and illness are individually defined by each person c. people with acute illnesses are actually healthy d. people with chronic illnesses have poor health beliefs e. health is more than the absence of illness f. illness is the response of a person to a disease - b, e, f rationale: each person defines health and illness individually, based on a number of factors. health is more than just the absence of illness; it is an active process in which a person moves toward one's maximum potential. an illness is the response of the person to a disease the student nurse learns that illnesses are classified as either acute or chronic. which are examples of chronic illnesses? select all that apply a. diabetes mellitus b. bronchial pneumonia c. rheumatoid arthritis d. cystic fibrosis e. fractured hip f. otitis media - a, c, d rationale: diabetes, arthritis, and cystic fibrosis are chronic diseases because they are permanent changes caused by irreversible alterations in normal anatomy and physiology, and they require patient education along with a long period of care or support. pneumonia, fractures and otitis media are acute illnesses because they have a rapid onset of symptoms that last a relatively short time. despite a national focus on health promotion, nurses working with patients in inner city clinics continue to see disparities in health care for vulnerable populations? which patients would be considered vulnerable populations? select all that apply a. a white male diagnosed with HIV b. an african american teenager who is 6 months pregnant c. a hispanic male who has type II diabetes d. a low-income family living in rural America e. a middle-class teacher living in a large city f. a white baby who was born with cerebral palsy - b, c, d, f rationale: national trends in the prevention of health disparities are focused on vulnerable populations, such as racial and ethnic minorities, those living in poverty, women, children, older adults, rural and inner-city residents, and people with disabilities and special health care needs A nurse has volunteered to give influenza immunizations at a local clinic. What level of care is the nurse demonstrating? - c rationale: giving influenza injections is an example of primary health promotion and illness prevention A nurse's neighbor tells the nurse, "I have a high temperature, feel awful, and I am not going to work." What stage of illness behavior is the neighbor exhibiting? - assuming the sick role rationale: when people assume the sick role, they define themselves as ill, seek validation of this experience from others and give up normal activites Which clinic patient is most likely to have annual breast examination and mammograms based on the physical human dimension? a. jane, whose her best friend had a benign breast lump removed b. Sarah, who lives in a low-income neighborhood c. Tricia, who has a family history of breast cancer d. Nancy, whose family encourages regular physical examinations - c. Tricia who had a family history of breast cancer rationale: Health promotion activities may occur on a primary, secondary, tertiary level. Which activities are considered tertiary health promotion? select all that apply. a. a nurse runs an immunization clinic in the inner city b. a nurse teaches a patient with an amputation how to care for the residual limb c. a nurse provides range of motion exercises for a paralyzed patient d. a nurse teaches parents of toddlers how to childproof their homes e. a school nurse provides screening for scoliosis for the students f. a nurse teaches new parents how to choose and use an infant car seat - b. a nurse teaches a patient with an amputation how to care for the residual limb c. a nurse provides range of motion exercises for a paralyzed patient rationale: tertiary health promotion and disease prevention begins AFTER an illness is diagnoses and treated to reduce disability and to help rehabilitate patients to a maximum level of functioning. these activities include providing ROM exercises and patient teaching for residual limb care. providing immunizations and teaching parents how to childproof their homes and use an appropriate car seat are primary health promotion activities. providing screenings is a secondary health promotion activity the agent-host-environment model of health and illness is based on what concept? - risk factors rationale: the interaction of the agent, host, and environment creates risk factors that increase the probability of disease When providing health promotion classes, a nurse uses concepts from models of health. what do both the health-illness continuum and the high-level wellness models demonstrate? - health as a constantly changing state rationale: both these models view health as a dynamic (constantly changing state) A nurse follows accepted guidelines for a healthy . How can this promote health in orders? - by being a role model for healthy behaviors rationale: good personal health enables the nurse to serve as a role model for patients and families What are the five levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? - Level 1: Physiologic needs Level 2: Safety and security needs Level 3: Love and belonging needs Level 4: Self-esteem needs Level 5: Self-actualization needs