ARKY 325 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATE ALREADY GRADED A+
start 3000 BC, full blown 2900 BC, Ends 2000 BC
When do we consider Sumerian civilization a civilization - start and end
2500 BC founds dynasty at Agage - rules over Sumer and N Mesopotamia
Sargon - initiated takeovers when and where?
----"urban revolution"
----Fertile crescent - cradle of early civilizations
----Beginnings of metallurgy, full time specialists
----Peasant communities less self-sufficient
----Intensified agriculture - irrigation
----Centralization of food supplies, production, distribution
V Gordon childe- What he meant by urban revolution/ neolithic
Tigris and Euphrates
Mesopotamia meaning - land between which rivers
Archaeobotany - plants
-----Floatation - can be used on carbonized plant remains
Archaeozoology - animals
-----Focus on hard body parts of animals that survive
-----Species identification, age, sex, butchering patterns, numbers
-----Age usually from teeth
Recovery methods - to get info on plants and animals
3400 BC - accounting purposes
Writing of primary civilizations - when earliest writing comes about and develops
----Highland areas with more precipitation
----Cradle of early civilizations
----Domesticates first appear here because wild ancestors were found here
Fertile crescent
Anatolia -5000-6000 BC
Where copper was first used
what is exchanged and the people exchanging it
, Trade - what it involves (2 elements)
200 years
Domestication for plants may take less than?
N relies upon seasonal rainfall, S relies on irrigation
Which relied on rainfall, which relied on irrigation?
----end of Pleistocene would be period of increasing warmth and dryness, vegetation could only exist
around water sources
----Plants, animals and humans would be confined to limited space an competition would lead to
humans controlling plants and animals
----** was no change in climate
Oasis hypothesis
----Domesticates should appear first where wild ancestors are found - fertile crescent
----Technology and culture were ready at end of pleistocene, humans were familiar with species of
area
----Farming seen as being highly desirable for security and leisure
Natural habitat hypothesis
--Farming is backbreaking, time-consuming and labour intensive
--Modern hunter/gatherers spend only a few hours a day obtaining food, humans don't become
farmers unless they have no choice
--10000 BC all habitable areas were occupied but human population kept growing - less desirable
resources were used
--Population pressure would be greatest on the edge of the natural habitat zone
Population pressure hypothesis
Certain individuals accumulate a surplus and transform it into more valued items. Agriculture is the
means by which social inequity emerges and egalitarian societies become heirarchical
What is the Social hypotheses?
Halafians painting pottery was a sign of potential chiefdoms
A sign of Chiefdom developing? - Mesopotamia and surrounding areas
----Important for weapons linked to warfare as political tool
----Copper production exploded in Jordan - largest bronze workshop in SW Asia, dating to 2700 - 2200
BC
Bronze used for? and where from?
wheat, rye, barley, peas, lentils, figs in SW asia
Earliest domesticated plants? where?
UPDATE ALREADY GRADED A+
start 3000 BC, full blown 2900 BC, Ends 2000 BC
When do we consider Sumerian civilization a civilization - start and end
2500 BC founds dynasty at Agage - rules over Sumer and N Mesopotamia
Sargon - initiated takeovers when and where?
----"urban revolution"
----Fertile crescent - cradle of early civilizations
----Beginnings of metallurgy, full time specialists
----Peasant communities less self-sufficient
----Intensified agriculture - irrigation
----Centralization of food supplies, production, distribution
V Gordon childe- What he meant by urban revolution/ neolithic
Tigris and Euphrates
Mesopotamia meaning - land between which rivers
Archaeobotany - plants
-----Floatation - can be used on carbonized plant remains
Archaeozoology - animals
-----Focus on hard body parts of animals that survive
-----Species identification, age, sex, butchering patterns, numbers
-----Age usually from teeth
Recovery methods - to get info on plants and animals
3400 BC - accounting purposes
Writing of primary civilizations - when earliest writing comes about and develops
----Highland areas with more precipitation
----Cradle of early civilizations
----Domesticates first appear here because wild ancestors were found here
Fertile crescent
Anatolia -5000-6000 BC
Where copper was first used
what is exchanged and the people exchanging it
, Trade - what it involves (2 elements)
200 years
Domestication for plants may take less than?
N relies upon seasonal rainfall, S relies on irrigation
Which relied on rainfall, which relied on irrigation?
----end of Pleistocene would be period of increasing warmth and dryness, vegetation could only exist
around water sources
----Plants, animals and humans would be confined to limited space an competition would lead to
humans controlling plants and animals
----** was no change in climate
Oasis hypothesis
----Domesticates should appear first where wild ancestors are found - fertile crescent
----Technology and culture were ready at end of pleistocene, humans were familiar with species of
area
----Farming seen as being highly desirable for security and leisure
Natural habitat hypothesis
--Farming is backbreaking, time-consuming and labour intensive
--Modern hunter/gatherers spend only a few hours a day obtaining food, humans don't become
farmers unless they have no choice
--10000 BC all habitable areas were occupied but human population kept growing - less desirable
resources were used
--Population pressure would be greatest on the edge of the natural habitat zone
Population pressure hypothesis
Certain individuals accumulate a surplus and transform it into more valued items. Agriculture is the
means by which social inequity emerges and egalitarian societies become heirarchical
What is the Social hypotheses?
Halafians painting pottery was a sign of potential chiefdoms
A sign of Chiefdom developing? - Mesopotamia and surrounding areas
----Important for weapons linked to warfare as political tool
----Copper production exploded in Jordan - largest bronze workshop in SW Asia, dating to 2700 - 2200
BC
Bronze used for? and where from?
wheat, rye, barley, peas, lentils, figs in SW asia
Earliest domesticated plants? where?
