VBS 2032. EXAM 4
1. What are some ways that saliva protects us from bacterial infection?
2. What is the most predominant species of bacteria in our saliva? - answer1. Protective
mechanisms of saliva:
- Waste Removal
- Barrier and Buffering Agent
- Caries Protection
- Fostering Healthy Plaque Biofilm
- Wound healing
2. Most predominant species of bacteria in saliva:
- Steptococcos
1. How do Streptococcus mutans and related species cause tooth decay (dental
caries)?
2. What is the relationship between water fluoridation and the incidence of dental
caries? - answer1.
Dental caries: Damage to enamel allows microorganisms to enter tooth and cause
decay
Signs and Symptoms:
- Usually advanced before symptoms develop
- Discoloration, roughness, defect (Tooth may break)
- Severe throbbing pain of toothache usually first sign
Cause:
- By Streptococcus mutans and related species are cariogenic (caries generating)
*live only on teeth
- Thrive in acidic environments→ produce lactic acid from fermentation
- Convert sucrose into extracellular insoluble polysaccharides called glucans
*Glucans essential for development of dental caries on smooth tooth surfaces
Prevention:
- Limiting sugar intake
2. Water fluoridation: reduces dental caries by 60%
1. How does periodontitis develop? How are gingivitis and periodontitis related?
2. How does flossing help prevent periodontitis? - answer1.
Periodontitis Disease (2):
1. Gingivitis: Swelling and redness of the gums
Signs and symptoms:
- Marked by gums that are tender, bleed easily
,2. Chronic periodontitis: destructive response that damages structures that support
teeth
Signs and symptoms:
- Characterized by bad breath, red shiny gums that bleed easily, loosening of teeth
*Base of teeth becomes discolored, gums recede
Cause of Periodontitis Disease:
- Dental plaque at point where gum joins tooth
- Mostly Gram (-) anaerobes: Poryphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola,
Tannerella (Bacteroides) forsythia and others
2. Flossing lowers the risk of tooth decay and gum disease by preventing the build-up of
plaque.
- It removes the plaque at the point where gum joined tooth
1. What is plaque? How is it related to dental calculus (tartar)?
2. Are bacteria distributed randomly on your tooth surface?
3. What is the role of aerobic bacteria in tooth decay? What is the role of anaerobic
bacteria in periodontal disease? - answer1. Plaque Biofilm: Proteinaceous material from
saliva adheres, creates thin film (pellicle)
- extremely sticky, colorless to pale yellow deposit of biofilm that regularly forms on your
teeth.
- Bacteria attached create biofilm called dental plaque
- Mineral salts deposit over time and hardens on teeth create dental calculus (tartar)
2. yes
3.
Aerobic tooth decay:
- On the outside and responsible for causing cavities
- 1-2 mm pocket and/or surface of tooth
- Acid loving and cavity causing
Anaerobic and periodontal disesase:
- 3 or greater mm pocket
- alkaline loving
- periogenic --> causes periodontal disease or gingivitis
- What is the causative agent of ANUG (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis)?
- What is another name for this disorder?
- Why are we seeing more cases of this recently? - answerCausative agent of ANUG
(acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis): suspected agent is Treponema spirochete
acting synergistically with other anaerobes
Signs and symptoms:
- Bleeding painful gums, abscessed and broken teeth, foul breath
, - Another name is meth mouth or trench mouth
- See more cases because of methamphetamine use
1. What agent causes cold sores? How do they develop and why can't they be cured?
2. What agent causes mumps? What tissues are affected? How can it be prevented?
Why is mumps infection of concern in adult males? - answer1. Cold sores (Herpes
Simplex):
Causes:
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV): enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA
2 types:
1. HSV-1: most oral infections
2. HSV-2: usually genital infections
Pathogenesis:
• Virus multiplies in epithelium, destroys cells
• Viral DNA persists in nerve cells in latent form
- Stresses can reactivate (menstruation, sunburn, fever)
- Cannot be cured because they persist throughout life as latent viruses (*can
reactivate)
2. Mumps:
Cause:
- Virus that is enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus of paramyxovirus family
Signs and symptoms:
- Onset marked by fever, headache, followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid
glands (tissue affected)
- Spasm of underlying muscles making talking and chewing hard
- Symptoms can arise elsewhere in the body
*brain infection, stiff neck indicative of meningitis, likely in elderly
*pregnant women often miscarry
Adult males:
- Symptoms generally more severe past onset of puberty
*Orchitis is swelling of testicles to 3-4 times normal size
*Followed by infertility
1. What type of bacterial infection can result in stomach ulcers?
2. How did Barry Marshall demonstrate a causative role of bacteria in the formation of
ulcers?
3. Discuss some features of Helicobacter pylori that allow it to colonize the stomach and
cause ulcers. - answer1. Bacteria that causes stomach ulcers: Helicobacter pylori:
short, curved, Gram-negative microaerophile
2. Barry Marshall drank culture of Helicobacter pylori in 1980s, demonstrated
association with stomach ulcers
1. What are some ways that saliva protects us from bacterial infection?
2. What is the most predominant species of bacteria in our saliva? - answer1. Protective
mechanisms of saliva:
- Waste Removal
- Barrier and Buffering Agent
- Caries Protection
- Fostering Healthy Plaque Biofilm
- Wound healing
2. Most predominant species of bacteria in saliva:
- Steptococcos
1. How do Streptococcus mutans and related species cause tooth decay (dental
caries)?
2. What is the relationship between water fluoridation and the incidence of dental
caries? - answer1.
Dental caries: Damage to enamel allows microorganisms to enter tooth and cause
decay
Signs and Symptoms:
- Usually advanced before symptoms develop
- Discoloration, roughness, defect (Tooth may break)
- Severe throbbing pain of toothache usually first sign
Cause:
- By Streptococcus mutans and related species are cariogenic (caries generating)
*live only on teeth
- Thrive in acidic environments→ produce lactic acid from fermentation
- Convert sucrose into extracellular insoluble polysaccharides called glucans
*Glucans essential for development of dental caries on smooth tooth surfaces
Prevention:
- Limiting sugar intake
2. Water fluoridation: reduces dental caries by 60%
1. How does periodontitis develop? How are gingivitis and periodontitis related?
2. How does flossing help prevent periodontitis? - answer1.
Periodontitis Disease (2):
1. Gingivitis: Swelling and redness of the gums
Signs and symptoms:
- Marked by gums that are tender, bleed easily
,2. Chronic periodontitis: destructive response that damages structures that support
teeth
Signs and symptoms:
- Characterized by bad breath, red shiny gums that bleed easily, loosening of teeth
*Base of teeth becomes discolored, gums recede
Cause of Periodontitis Disease:
- Dental plaque at point where gum joins tooth
- Mostly Gram (-) anaerobes: Poryphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola,
Tannerella (Bacteroides) forsythia and others
2. Flossing lowers the risk of tooth decay and gum disease by preventing the build-up of
plaque.
- It removes the plaque at the point where gum joined tooth
1. What is plaque? How is it related to dental calculus (tartar)?
2. Are bacteria distributed randomly on your tooth surface?
3. What is the role of aerobic bacteria in tooth decay? What is the role of anaerobic
bacteria in periodontal disease? - answer1. Plaque Biofilm: Proteinaceous material from
saliva adheres, creates thin film (pellicle)
- extremely sticky, colorless to pale yellow deposit of biofilm that regularly forms on your
teeth.
- Bacteria attached create biofilm called dental plaque
- Mineral salts deposit over time and hardens on teeth create dental calculus (tartar)
2. yes
3.
Aerobic tooth decay:
- On the outside and responsible for causing cavities
- 1-2 mm pocket and/or surface of tooth
- Acid loving and cavity causing
Anaerobic and periodontal disesase:
- 3 or greater mm pocket
- alkaline loving
- periogenic --> causes periodontal disease or gingivitis
- What is the causative agent of ANUG (acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis)?
- What is another name for this disorder?
- Why are we seeing more cases of this recently? - answerCausative agent of ANUG
(acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis): suspected agent is Treponema spirochete
acting synergistically with other anaerobes
Signs and symptoms:
- Bleeding painful gums, abscessed and broken teeth, foul breath
, - Another name is meth mouth or trench mouth
- See more cases because of methamphetamine use
1. What agent causes cold sores? How do they develop and why can't they be cured?
2. What agent causes mumps? What tissues are affected? How can it be prevented?
Why is mumps infection of concern in adult males? - answer1. Cold sores (Herpes
Simplex):
Causes:
- Herpes simplex virus (HSV): enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA
2 types:
1. HSV-1: most oral infections
2. HSV-2: usually genital infections
Pathogenesis:
• Virus multiplies in epithelium, destroys cells
• Viral DNA persists in nerve cells in latent form
- Stresses can reactivate (menstruation, sunburn, fever)
- Cannot be cured because they persist throughout life as latent viruses (*can
reactivate)
2. Mumps:
Cause:
- Virus that is enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus of paramyxovirus family
Signs and symptoms:
- Onset marked by fever, headache, followed by painful swelling of one or both parotid
glands (tissue affected)
- Spasm of underlying muscles making talking and chewing hard
- Symptoms can arise elsewhere in the body
*brain infection, stiff neck indicative of meningitis, likely in elderly
*pregnant women often miscarry
Adult males:
- Symptoms generally more severe past onset of puberty
*Orchitis is swelling of testicles to 3-4 times normal size
*Followed by infertility
1. What type of bacterial infection can result in stomach ulcers?
2. How did Barry Marshall demonstrate a causative role of bacteria in the formation of
ulcers?
3. Discuss some features of Helicobacter pylori that allow it to colonize the stomach and
cause ulcers. - answer1. Bacteria that causes stomach ulcers: Helicobacter pylori:
short, curved, Gram-negative microaerophile
2. Barry Marshall drank culture of Helicobacter pylori in 1980s, demonstrated
association with stomach ulcers
