VBS exam 3
Why isn't Lyme disease contagious? Can you think of another example of non-
contagious disease? - answer-it is not contagious because it can not be transmitted
between humans and has to use a a tick as vector
-malaria is another example
Exposure to a pathogen does not always result in disease. Why not? - answer((# of
microbes)(virulence of microbes))/(host immunity)
1. What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease? - answer
symptoms are subjective things only felt by the individual such as headache, muscle
pain
signs are observable such as fever or cough
How can a primary infection lead to a secondary infection? - answer the primary
infection is the initial infection a secondary infection takes advantage of the suppressed
immune system
When do opportunistic pathogens cause disease? - answer when the immune system is
suppressed by a primary infection, or wound or an immunocomp individual
1. What factors influence host immunity? - answer-age
-sleep
-weight
-immune system
1. What are virulence factors? What are some examples and how do they increase the
pathogenicity of the microorganism? - answerthese are mechanisms of pathogenicity
and include things such as
-toxins
-damage the cell
-adhesins
-help pathogen bind to receptors
-help the pathogens colonize the host more quickly
1. How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis evade the immune system? - answerthe acid
fast wall resists digestion-the bacteria multiply within human macrophage cells
How do some bacteria evade the complement system? - answerelastase inactivates
complement proteins
,How does the prodromal period of disease differ from the symptomatic period? -
answerthis is the period before becoming symptomatic
-feeling off
-not always seen in all disease
Phases of infection - answer1. incubation
2. prodromal phase
3. acute phase
4. convalescence
1. What is a latent infection? Can someone with a latent infection transmit the infection?
- answerthe pathogen is not eliminated from the body but is not replicating or spreading
After recovery from Chickenpox, most individuals are asymptomatic unless they develop
Shingles late in life. During the asymptomatic period, the virus is:
A. acute
B. chronic
C. latent
D. eliminated from the body - answerc
People infected with the Hepatitis B virus may develop joint pain, fatigue, fever, nausea,
loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Which of these is considered a sign of disease?
A. joint pain
B. fatigue
C. fever
D. nausea - answerc
acute - answerNew, usually of rapid onset and of concern, opposite of chronic
Chronic - answerLong-standing, constant. Opposite of acute
latent - answerpresent, but not active; hidden
contagious - answerCommunicable by contact.
not contagious - answernot communicable
Symptoms - answerSubjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
-headache
-sore throat
-muscle pain
-fatigue
Signs - answerobjectively observed indicators of a disease
-fever
-cough
, primary infection - answerinfection that causes the initial illness
secondary infection - answeropportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing)
infection
primary pathogen - answera microbe able to cause disease in an otherwise healthy
individual
opportunistic pathogens - answernormal microbiota that cause disease under certain
circumstances
-immunocompromised individuals
-healthy individuals if introduced to wrong location (wound)
-reduction in microbiota->overgrowth of opportunist
immunocompromised - answerhaving an impaired immune system
Dysbiosis - answermicrobial imbalance
How do our normal microbiota protect us? - answer-take up space
-nutrients
-antimicrobial factors
hospital acquired infection (HAI) - answeran emerging pathogens in a clinical setting.
often resistant to antimicrobial drugs because of the high prevalence of these drugs in
the environment
-most often occur in immunocomp individuals
Microbes can interact with human hosts in what ways? - answerbeneficial, neutral,
detrimental
why are most microbes not harmful? - answer-#of microbes
-virulence of microbes
-host immunity
Do pathogenic microorganisms always cause disease? (5) - answerno
-no portal of entry
-physical and chemical barriers
-protection of normal microbiota
-host receptor not present
-innate and adaptive immunity
infectious dose - answerminimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed
Why isn't Lyme disease contagious? Can you think of another example of non-
contagious disease? - answer-it is not contagious because it can not be transmitted
between humans and has to use a a tick as vector
-malaria is another example
Exposure to a pathogen does not always result in disease. Why not? - answer((# of
microbes)(virulence of microbes))/(host immunity)
1. What is the difference between symptoms and signs of a disease? - answer
symptoms are subjective things only felt by the individual such as headache, muscle
pain
signs are observable such as fever or cough
How can a primary infection lead to a secondary infection? - answer the primary
infection is the initial infection a secondary infection takes advantage of the suppressed
immune system
When do opportunistic pathogens cause disease? - answer when the immune system is
suppressed by a primary infection, or wound or an immunocomp individual
1. What factors influence host immunity? - answer-age
-sleep
-weight
-immune system
1. What are virulence factors? What are some examples and how do they increase the
pathogenicity of the microorganism? - answerthese are mechanisms of pathogenicity
and include things such as
-toxins
-damage the cell
-adhesins
-help pathogen bind to receptors
-help the pathogens colonize the host more quickly
1. How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis evade the immune system? - answerthe acid
fast wall resists digestion-the bacteria multiply within human macrophage cells
How do some bacteria evade the complement system? - answerelastase inactivates
complement proteins
,How does the prodromal period of disease differ from the symptomatic period? -
answerthis is the period before becoming symptomatic
-feeling off
-not always seen in all disease
Phases of infection - answer1. incubation
2. prodromal phase
3. acute phase
4. convalescence
1. What is a latent infection? Can someone with a latent infection transmit the infection?
- answerthe pathogen is not eliminated from the body but is not replicating or spreading
After recovery from Chickenpox, most individuals are asymptomatic unless they develop
Shingles late in life. During the asymptomatic period, the virus is:
A. acute
B. chronic
C. latent
D. eliminated from the body - answerc
People infected with the Hepatitis B virus may develop joint pain, fatigue, fever, nausea,
loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Which of these is considered a sign of disease?
A. joint pain
B. fatigue
C. fever
D. nausea - answerc
acute - answerNew, usually of rapid onset and of concern, opposite of chronic
Chronic - answerLong-standing, constant. Opposite of acute
latent - answerpresent, but not active; hidden
contagious - answerCommunicable by contact.
not contagious - answernot communicable
Symptoms - answerSubjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
-headache
-sore throat
-muscle pain
-fatigue
Signs - answerobjectively observed indicators of a disease
-fever
-cough
, primary infection - answerinfection that causes the initial illness
secondary infection - answeropportunistic infection after a primary (predisposing)
infection
primary pathogen - answera microbe able to cause disease in an otherwise healthy
individual
opportunistic pathogens - answernormal microbiota that cause disease under certain
circumstances
-immunocompromised individuals
-healthy individuals if introduced to wrong location (wound)
-reduction in microbiota->overgrowth of opportunist
immunocompromised - answerhaving an impaired immune system
Dysbiosis - answermicrobial imbalance
How do our normal microbiota protect us? - answer-take up space
-nutrients
-antimicrobial factors
hospital acquired infection (HAI) - answeran emerging pathogens in a clinical setting.
often resistant to antimicrobial drugs because of the high prevalence of these drugs in
the environment
-most often occur in immunocomp individuals
Microbes can interact with human hosts in what ways? - answerbeneficial, neutral,
detrimental
why are most microbes not harmful? - answer-#of microbes
-virulence of microbes
-host immunity
Do pathogenic microorganisms always cause disease? (5) - answerno
-no portal of entry
-physical and chemical barriers
-protection of normal microbiota
-host receptor not present
-innate and adaptive immunity
infectious dose - answerminimum number of microbes required for infection to proceed
