HCMG EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
EDITION ALREADY GRADED A+
how can place affect health and longevity?
geographic differences
-southern states have lower life expectancy bc of weather patterns healthcare access (don't expand
medicaid)
what creates differences in health effects?
local environment
socioeconomic status
peer effects (smoking)
healthcare delivery
public policy (Medicaid expansion)
environmental quality
Weather (extreme weather events)
Temperature (abnormally cold and hot)
Pollution levels
-Air pollutants (eg. particulate matter)
-Water pollutants: pollution in flint (michigan) bc of lead
-Other toxins (eg. industrial waste sites)
car exhaust
obama and trump administrations regulated car emissions because:
-evidence of mortality
-not much evidence between car pollution to birth outcomes
only mattered in the case of asthma
why is it hard to measure effects of pollution?
basic science not very informative --> researchers are still learning about this
hard to measure exposure and degree of harm bc can't put monitors on people
effects may be non linear
, takes a long time for effects to manifest (little exposure can add up over lifetime)
so many types of pollution it's hard to figure out which ones affect health
people who live in areas of high pollution are worse off (low income, health care access, worse nutrition)
people move around too much so hard to determine pollutant
measurement of pollution
1) type and effect of pollutant on health outcome
-ex: co2 on health
2) zoom in on source of pollutant
-ex: cars
pollution studies focus on infants or elderly
infants: exposure period is well defined (only been around for a short period of time)
infants and elderly: easier to measure health outcomes (birth weight, mortality)
lots of data from vital statistics and medicare
elderly: air pollution and health
eldery data from Medicare
can use wind direction to measure pollution (clean vs dirty air)
findings: increase in pollution --> more ER visits, hospitalizations, higher inpatient spending
infants: air pollution and health
infant data from birth records
children data from hospital discharge records
health outcome: birth weight, mortality, asthma
looks at car pollution from diesel emission
-diesel cars in US (volkswagen) seemed environmentally friendly during testing phases but actually
pollutes up to 4000% above legal limit
-had a cheating device that was switched on during tests
effects of diesel emissions
more cheating cars: lower birth weight, more asthma attacks, more air pollution
EDITION ALREADY GRADED A+
how can place affect health and longevity?
geographic differences
-southern states have lower life expectancy bc of weather patterns healthcare access (don't expand
medicaid)
what creates differences in health effects?
local environment
socioeconomic status
peer effects (smoking)
healthcare delivery
public policy (Medicaid expansion)
environmental quality
Weather (extreme weather events)
Temperature (abnormally cold and hot)
Pollution levels
-Air pollutants (eg. particulate matter)
-Water pollutants: pollution in flint (michigan) bc of lead
-Other toxins (eg. industrial waste sites)
car exhaust
obama and trump administrations regulated car emissions because:
-evidence of mortality
-not much evidence between car pollution to birth outcomes
only mattered in the case of asthma
why is it hard to measure effects of pollution?
basic science not very informative --> researchers are still learning about this
hard to measure exposure and degree of harm bc can't put monitors on people
effects may be non linear
, takes a long time for effects to manifest (little exposure can add up over lifetime)
so many types of pollution it's hard to figure out which ones affect health
people who live in areas of high pollution are worse off (low income, health care access, worse nutrition)
people move around too much so hard to determine pollutant
measurement of pollution
1) type and effect of pollutant on health outcome
-ex: co2 on health
2) zoom in on source of pollutant
-ex: cars
pollution studies focus on infants or elderly
infants: exposure period is well defined (only been around for a short period of time)
infants and elderly: easier to measure health outcomes (birth weight, mortality)
lots of data from vital statistics and medicare
elderly: air pollution and health
eldery data from Medicare
can use wind direction to measure pollution (clean vs dirty air)
findings: increase in pollution --> more ER visits, hospitalizations, higher inpatient spending
infants: air pollution and health
infant data from birth records
children data from hospital discharge records
health outcome: birth weight, mortality, asthma
looks at car pollution from diesel emission
-diesel cars in US (volkswagen) seemed environmentally friendly during testing phases but actually
pollutes up to 4000% above legal limit
-had a cheating device that was switched on during tests
effects of diesel emissions
more cheating cars: lower birth weight, more asthma attacks, more air pollution
