HCMG EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
EDITION ALREADY GRADED A+
Define opportunity
social structures, labor market factors, institutions, and resources that enable people to both build hope
and positive expectations for their future and realize their potential
a characteristic of places, not people
**Distinct from income, wealth, or income inequality
Name two ways to measure opportunity:
1. Retrospective: average adult incomes of children of poor parents
2. Prospective: survey-based perceptions of achievable mobility or indices based on area-level
characteristics that we think are correlated with mobility
What area of the US has the most opportunity?
the midwest!
what area of the US has the lowest opportunity
southwest (southern belt area)
What are some determining factors of opportunity?
Economic forces
Early life investments (health, environment, education)
Inequality in resources/power
Social capital and connections
What factor is contributing to many of today's problems in inner-city neighborhoods? (like crime,
family dissolution, welfare, low levels of social organization)
disappearance of work!
What do the automotive plant closures contribute to??
an 85% relative increase in mortality!!
what are some policy factors and social institutions that play a role in shaping opportunity, and what's
an example?
access to education (20% increase in smoking among URM teens persisting into adulthood; no effects
for non-URM teens)
migration
systemic discrimination (as the racial opportunity gap increases, the racial mortality gap increases as
, well)
political power: Infant mortality rate is dropping for non-white individuals while it is staying relatively
constant for whites
as the racial opportunity gap increases, what happens to the race mortality gap?
increases
True or False: Migration out of the Deep South reduced life expectancy by at least 1.5 years
True
(1) Give examples of opportunity as a driver of health
(2) Give examples of health as a driver of opportunity
(1) the low birth weight example (that actually may have been for the diesel cars so maybe not...), lack
of access to education increasing smoking usage by 20% in URM, ?
(2) Flint water crisis (educational and long term effects), the PM 2.5 wind experiment (increase in
mortality for elderly)
what factors could contribute to an increase in opportunity/health
insurance expansions (CHIP/Medicaid)
educational investments throughout life cycle
environmental regulation (air standards, lead remediation)
enabling geographic mobility (moving to opportunity)
figure out how to better invest in places
confronting wealth and power dynamics
making sure health care works FOR and not against us.
what is the key factor Dr blank want the system to implement/use to bridge the health opportunity
gap?
investing in places like Ignite (in west/north Philly, addressing structural racism as a fundamental cause
of poor health), Beem (in San Fran; black economic equity movement), Supporting Pathways out of
Poverty (no-cash ways out of poverty)
Union participation was associated with _____ (safer/unsafer) workplaces and ____ (lower/higher)
lifetime mortality risk
safer; lower
Give an example of one of Dr. Ventakataramani's patients who exemplify why opportunity and health
are so intertwined:
He saw a man who faced much job loss and took up smoking. When Dr. urged to quit smoking, he said
"what's the point? I'm not getting out of here anyway." Because of his lack of opportunity, he is
unmotivated to improve his health :(
EDITION ALREADY GRADED A+
Define opportunity
social structures, labor market factors, institutions, and resources that enable people to both build hope
and positive expectations for their future and realize their potential
a characteristic of places, not people
**Distinct from income, wealth, or income inequality
Name two ways to measure opportunity:
1. Retrospective: average adult incomes of children of poor parents
2. Prospective: survey-based perceptions of achievable mobility or indices based on area-level
characteristics that we think are correlated with mobility
What area of the US has the most opportunity?
the midwest!
what area of the US has the lowest opportunity
southwest (southern belt area)
What are some determining factors of opportunity?
Economic forces
Early life investments (health, environment, education)
Inequality in resources/power
Social capital and connections
What factor is contributing to many of today's problems in inner-city neighborhoods? (like crime,
family dissolution, welfare, low levels of social organization)
disappearance of work!
What do the automotive plant closures contribute to??
an 85% relative increase in mortality!!
what are some policy factors and social institutions that play a role in shaping opportunity, and what's
an example?
access to education (20% increase in smoking among URM teens persisting into adulthood; no effects
for non-URM teens)
migration
systemic discrimination (as the racial opportunity gap increases, the racial mortality gap increases as
, well)
political power: Infant mortality rate is dropping for non-white individuals while it is staying relatively
constant for whites
as the racial opportunity gap increases, what happens to the race mortality gap?
increases
True or False: Migration out of the Deep South reduced life expectancy by at least 1.5 years
True
(1) Give examples of opportunity as a driver of health
(2) Give examples of health as a driver of opportunity
(1) the low birth weight example (that actually may have been for the diesel cars so maybe not...), lack
of access to education increasing smoking usage by 20% in URM, ?
(2) Flint water crisis (educational and long term effects), the PM 2.5 wind experiment (increase in
mortality for elderly)
what factors could contribute to an increase in opportunity/health
insurance expansions (CHIP/Medicaid)
educational investments throughout life cycle
environmental regulation (air standards, lead remediation)
enabling geographic mobility (moving to opportunity)
figure out how to better invest in places
confronting wealth and power dynamics
making sure health care works FOR and not against us.
what is the key factor Dr blank want the system to implement/use to bridge the health opportunity
gap?
investing in places like Ignite (in west/north Philly, addressing structural racism as a fundamental cause
of poor health), Beem (in San Fran; black economic equity movement), Supporting Pathways out of
Poverty (no-cash ways out of poverty)
Union participation was associated with _____ (safer/unsafer) workplaces and ____ (lower/higher)
lifetime mortality risk
safer; lower
Give an example of one of Dr. Ventakataramani's patients who exemplify why opportunity and health
are so intertwined:
He saw a man who faced much job loss and took up smoking. When Dr. urged to quit smoking, he said
"what's the point? I'm not getting out of here anyway." Because of his lack of opportunity, he is
unmotivated to improve his health :(
