N110 EXAM 2 CH 51 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
what are the risk factors for diabetes? (8)
1) family history (parents or siblings).
2) obesity (>20%bmi).
3) race/ ethnicity (African American, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian
Americans, Pacific Islanders).
4) age >45.
5) hypertension (>140/90)
6) HDL <35 mg/dL
7) tryglyceride >250 mg/dL
8) history of gestational diabetes or deliver of a baby over 9 lbs.
impaired glucose tolerance/ impaired fasting glucose
(prediabetes).
condition where blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels
insulin
an anabolic or storage hormone secreted by beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the
pancreas.
how does insulin work
when a person eats, insulin secretion increases and moves glucose from the blood into
muscle, liver, and fat cells.
,what is insulin's action in the cells (6)
1) transports and metabolizes glucose for energy.
2) stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and muscle (glycogen).
3) signals the liver to stop release of glucose.
4) enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue.
5) accelerates transport of amino acids (dietary proteins) into cells.
6) inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat
type 1 clinical characteristics (7)
1) thin at diagnosis; recent weight loss.
2) etiology: genetic, immunologic, environmental (virus e.g.).
3) have islet cell antibodies.
4) little to no endogenous insulin.
5) need exogenous insulin to preserve life.
6) ketosis prone when insulin absent.
7) acute complication of hyperglycemia: DKA
type 2 clinical characteristics (8)
1) obese at diagnosis.
2) cause: obesity, heredity, environmental factors.
3) no islet cell antibodies.
4) decreased endo. insulin/ or increase with resistance.
5) control blood glucose with weight loss or oral antidiabetic agents
6) insulin (short term or long) to prevent hyperglycemia
, 7) ketosis uncommon (except in stress or infection
8) acute complication of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrom
gestational diabetes clinical characteristics
1) during pregnancy (2nd or 3rd trimester).
2) caused by hormones secreted by placenta inhibiting action of insulin.
3) risk of macrosomia (abnormally large baby)
4) treated with diet.
5) at risk: obese, >30 age, family history.
6) 30-60% develop type 2 within 10-20 years
type 1 diabetes
the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells that produce and secrete insulin.
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion.
gestational diabetes
any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy.
latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
a subtype of diabetes.
progression of autoimmune beta cell destruction in the pancreas is slower than in type 1
and type 2.
three Ps of diabetes
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
polyuria
excessive urination
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
what are the risk factors for diabetes? (8)
1) family history (parents or siblings).
2) obesity (>20%bmi).
3) race/ ethnicity (African American, Hispanic Americans, Native Americans, Asian
Americans, Pacific Islanders).
4) age >45.
5) hypertension (>140/90)
6) HDL <35 mg/dL
7) tryglyceride >250 mg/dL
8) history of gestational diabetes or deliver of a baby over 9 lbs.
impaired glucose tolerance/ impaired fasting glucose
(prediabetes).
condition where blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels
insulin
an anabolic or storage hormone secreted by beta cells in the islets of langerhans in the
pancreas.
how does insulin work
when a person eats, insulin secretion increases and moves glucose from the blood into
muscle, liver, and fat cells.
,what is insulin's action in the cells (6)
1) transports and metabolizes glucose for energy.
2) stimulates storage of glucose in the liver and muscle (glycogen).
3) signals the liver to stop release of glucose.
4) enhances storage of dietary fat in adipose tissue.
5) accelerates transport of amino acids (dietary proteins) into cells.
6) inhibits the breakdown of stored glucose, protein, and fat
type 1 clinical characteristics (7)
1) thin at diagnosis; recent weight loss.
2) etiology: genetic, immunologic, environmental (virus e.g.).
3) have islet cell antibodies.
4) little to no endogenous insulin.
5) need exogenous insulin to preserve life.
6) ketosis prone when insulin absent.
7) acute complication of hyperglycemia: DKA
type 2 clinical characteristics (8)
1) obese at diagnosis.
2) cause: obesity, heredity, environmental factors.
3) no islet cell antibodies.
4) decreased endo. insulin/ or increase with resistance.
5) control blood glucose with weight loss or oral antidiabetic agents
6) insulin (short term or long) to prevent hyperglycemia
, 7) ketosis uncommon (except in stress or infection
8) acute complication of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrom
gestational diabetes clinical characteristics
1) during pregnancy (2nd or 3rd trimester).
2) caused by hormones secreted by placenta inhibiting action of insulin.
3) risk of macrosomia (abnormally large baby)
4) treated with diet.
5) at risk: obese, >30 age, family history.
6) 30-60% develop type 2 within 10-20 years
type 1 diabetes
the destruction of the pancreatic beta cells that produce and secrete insulin.
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance or impaired insulin secretion.
gestational diabetes
any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy.
latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)
a subtype of diabetes.
progression of autoimmune beta cell destruction in the pancreas is slower than in type 1
and type 2.
three Ps of diabetes
polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
polyuria
excessive urination
