N110 - METHERATE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
What are execution drugs and their order of administration?
1. Sodium thiopental
2. pancrium bromide
3. potassium chloride
what is the function of Sodium Thiopental in execution?
anesthetizes the inmate
what is the function of Pancrium Bromide in execution?
Paralyzes the inmate
what is the function of Potassium Chloride in execution?
Stops the heart
What is the Monkey study!
- Monkey moved joystick to move the dot to the target and was rewarded with orange
juice
- They analyzed his brain activity while he was playing the game
- replicated that in a machine to have a robot arm move the joystick when they took the
joystick away from the monkey
- they put a joystick (placebo) back but still used the monkeys brain activity to control
the dot and the monkey realized and stopped using the joystick
- IMPLICATIONS: We could use this to make paralyzed people have prosthetics
,What was Camillo Golgi's theory?
Reticular Theory: The nervous system is one large continuous web
- argued this because of how fast neural inputs travel
What technique did Camillo Golgi come up with? elaborate?
- He stained neurons which allowed to view them in detail
- We don't know why, but when staining, not all neurons get stained, only a few
What was Santiago Ramon y Cajal's theory?
Neuron Doctrine: the nervous system was composed of discrete cellular units/individual
neurons
- confirmed his theory by electron microscopy
What method did Santiago Ramon y Cajal's perfect?
They perfected the Golgi stain technique
What was Charles Sherrington's theory?
Synapses: gap between neurons
-fyi: he studied spinal reflexes
how did Charles Sherrington come up with the synapse theory?
We can override reflexes by overriding the reflex neural signal with higher cognitive
function
What do cortical pyramidal cells look like? (form dictates function)
,multiple axons, multiple dendrites
- for motor function
What do Cerebrall Purkinje cells look like? (form dictates function)
A LOT of dendrites, one or a small number of axon
What do Retinal Bipolar cells look like? (form dictates function)
small number of dendrites and one axon
What are the steps of a simple spinal reflex?
1) Hammer tap stretches tendon which in turn stretches sensory receptors in leg
extender muscles
2)
A. Sensory neuron synapses with and excites motor neuron in the spinal cord
B. Sensory neuron also excites interneuron
C. Interneuron synapse inhibits motor neuron to flexor muscles
3)
A. Motor neuron conducts action potential to synapses on extensor muscle fibers,
causing contraction
B. Flexor muscle relaxes because the activity of its motor neurons has been inhibited
4) leg extends
(refer to picture in notes)
, Describe a cochlear implant:
Cochlear implant cures deafness
- there is a microphone on a headpiece that attaches to an implanted cochlear
stimulator
- there is also an external processor
- implant uses electricity to stimulate auditory nerves
Why do sone newborns go deaf?
Antibiotics that are given to babies can damage hair and nerves in the inner ear which
are essential for proper auditory function.
Neurons are ______ which store ______.
batteries; energy
When and what did Galvani and Volta argue?
1800, electricity contracts muscles
FYI: made animals jump by electricity
When and what did Nernst do?
1888, calculated potential produced by differential ion concentrations across
membranes
FYI: he asked: "how could cells store potential energy?"
When and what did Bernstein hypothesize?
1902
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
What are execution drugs and their order of administration?
1. Sodium thiopental
2. pancrium bromide
3. potassium chloride
what is the function of Sodium Thiopental in execution?
anesthetizes the inmate
what is the function of Pancrium Bromide in execution?
Paralyzes the inmate
what is the function of Potassium Chloride in execution?
Stops the heart
What is the Monkey study!
- Monkey moved joystick to move the dot to the target and was rewarded with orange
juice
- They analyzed his brain activity while he was playing the game
- replicated that in a machine to have a robot arm move the joystick when they took the
joystick away from the monkey
- they put a joystick (placebo) back but still used the monkeys brain activity to control
the dot and the monkey realized and stopped using the joystick
- IMPLICATIONS: We could use this to make paralyzed people have prosthetics
,What was Camillo Golgi's theory?
Reticular Theory: The nervous system is one large continuous web
- argued this because of how fast neural inputs travel
What technique did Camillo Golgi come up with? elaborate?
- He stained neurons which allowed to view them in detail
- We don't know why, but when staining, not all neurons get stained, only a few
What was Santiago Ramon y Cajal's theory?
Neuron Doctrine: the nervous system was composed of discrete cellular units/individual
neurons
- confirmed his theory by electron microscopy
What method did Santiago Ramon y Cajal's perfect?
They perfected the Golgi stain technique
What was Charles Sherrington's theory?
Synapses: gap between neurons
-fyi: he studied spinal reflexes
how did Charles Sherrington come up with the synapse theory?
We can override reflexes by overriding the reflex neural signal with higher cognitive
function
What do cortical pyramidal cells look like? (form dictates function)
,multiple axons, multiple dendrites
- for motor function
What do Cerebrall Purkinje cells look like? (form dictates function)
A LOT of dendrites, one or a small number of axon
What do Retinal Bipolar cells look like? (form dictates function)
small number of dendrites and one axon
What are the steps of a simple spinal reflex?
1) Hammer tap stretches tendon which in turn stretches sensory receptors in leg
extender muscles
2)
A. Sensory neuron synapses with and excites motor neuron in the spinal cord
B. Sensory neuron also excites interneuron
C. Interneuron synapse inhibits motor neuron to flexor muscles
3)
A. Motor neuron conducts action potential to synapses on extensor muscle fibers,
causing contraction
B. Flexor muscle relaxes because the activity of its motor neurons has been inhibited
4) leg extends
(refer to picture in notes)
, Describe a cochlear implant:
Cochlear implant cures deafness
- there is a microphone on a headpiece that attaches to an implanted cochlear
stimulator
- there is also an external processor
- implant uses electricity to stimulate auditory nerves
Why do sone newborns go deaf?
Antibiotics that are given to babies can damage hair and nerves in the inner ear which
are essential for proper auditory function.
Neurons are ______ which store ______.
batteries; energy
When and what did Galvani and Volta argue?
1800, electricity contracts muscles
FYI: made animals jump by electricity
When and what did Nernst do?
1888, calculated potential produced by differential ion concentrations across
membranes
FYI: he asked: "how could cells store potential energy?"
When and what did Bernstein hypothesize?
1902
