©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:24PM.
PA (ASCP) Certification Exam Questions And
Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass.
Hypertrophy - Answer✔Increased cell and organ size, often in response to increased workload:
induced by mechanical stress and by growth factors; occurs in tissue incapable of cell division
Hyperplasia - Answer✔Increased cell numbers in response to hormones and other growth
factors; occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide
Atrophy - Answer✔Decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient supply or
disuse: associated with decreased synthesis and increased proteolytic breakdown of cellular
organelles
Metaplasia - Answer✔Change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often a response to chronic
irritation that makes cells better able to withstand the stress
Hypoxia - Answer✔Oxygen deficiency which interferes with aerobic oxidative respirations and is
an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and death
Ischemic - Answer✔Loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced
venous drainage
Coagulative necrosis - Answer✔A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead
but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days
Liquefactive necrosis - Answer✔A form of necrosis seen in focal bacterial or occasionally fungal
infections because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes
of leukocytes digest the tissue
Caseous necrosis - Answer✔A form of necrosis encountered most often in foci of tuberculous
infections
Fat necrosis - Answer✔Term referring to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from
release of activated pancreatic lipases into the peritoneal cavity
1|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:24PM.
Fibrinous necrosis - Answer✔A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions
involving blood vessels
Autophagy - Answer✔Lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
Apoptosis - Answer✔A pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide
program in which the cells destined to die activate enzymes capable of degrading the cells own
nuclear DNA
Steatosis (fatty change) - Answer✔Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within
parenchymal cells It is most often seen in the liver
Dystrophic calcification - Answer✔Depositions of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis
Metastatic calcification - Answer✔Deposition of calcium in normal tissues, caused by
hypercalcemia (usually a consequence of parathyroid hormone excess)
Inflammation - Answer✔A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell
injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
Acute inflammation - Answer✔A rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign
substance that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury
Serous inflammation - Answer✔Fluid in a serous cavity
Serous inflammation is marked by fluid transudates, reflecting moderately increased vascular
permeability. Such accumulations in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities are called
effusions;
Effusion - Answer✔Fluid in a serous cavity ,
Fibrinous inflammation - Answer✔Inflammation occurring as a consequence of more severe
injuries, resulting in greater vascular permeability that allows large molecules (such as
fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier
Abscess - Answer✔Focal collections of pus that may be caused by seeding of pyogenic
organisms into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci
Ulcer - Answer✔A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is
produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
Cytokines - Answer✔Polypeptide products of many cell types that function as mediators of
inflammation and immune responses
2|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:24PM.
Chronic inflammation - Answer✔Prolonged inflammation in which active inflammation, tissue
injury, and healing proceed simultaneously
Granulomatous inflammation - Answer✔A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation
characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an epithelioid appearance
Repair - Answer✔The restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
Regeneration - Answer✔The process of replacing damaged tissue components and essentially
returning to a normal state
Fibrosis - Answer✔The extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in the lungs, liver, kidney
and other organs as a consequence of chronic inflammation
Angiogenesis - Answer✔A critical process in healing at sites of ischemia where a preexisting
vessel sends out capillary sprouts to produce new vessels
Keloid - Answer✔A prominent raised scar caused by the accumulation of exuberant amounts of
collagen
Edema - Answer✔Significant increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
Anasarca - Answer✔Severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling
Hyperemia - Answer✔A local increase in blood volume that is an active process from
augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilation
Congestion - Answer✔A local increase in blood volume that is a passive process resulting from
impaired venous return out of a tissue
Hematoma - Answer✔The accumulation of blood confined within a tissue after a hemorrhage
Normal hemostasis - Answer✔A tightly regulated process that maintains blood in a fluid, clot-
free state in normal vessels while inducing the rapid formation of a localized hemostatic plug at
the site of vascular injury
Thrombosis - Answer✔Blood clot (thrombus) formation in uninjured vessels or thrombotic
occlusion of a vessel after relatively minor injury
Lines of Zahn - Answer✔The grossly and microscopically apparent lamination in a thrombi
representing pale platelet and fibrin layers alternating with darker erythrocyte-rich layers
Embolism - Answer✔A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by
the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
Infarct - Answer✔An area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply
or the venous drainage in a particular tissue
3|Page
PA (ASCP) Certification Exam Questions And
Answers |Latest 2025 | Guaranteed Pass.
Hypertrophy - Answer✔Increased cell and organ size, often in response to increased workload:
induced by mechanical stress and by growth factors; occurs in tissue incapable of cell division
Hyperplasia - Answer✔Increased cell numbers in response to hormones and other growth
factors; occurs in tissues whose cells are able to divide
Atrophy - Answer✔Decreased cell and organ size, as a result of decreased nutrient supply or
disuse: associated with decreased synthesis and increased proteolytic breakdown of cellular
organelles
Metaplasia - Answer✔Change in phenotype of differentiated cells, often a response to chronic
irritation that makes cells better able to withstand the stress
Hypoxia - Answer✔Oxygen deficiency which interferes with aerobic oxidative respirations and is
an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and death
Ischemic - Answer✔Loss of blood supply in a tissue due to impeded arterial flow or reduced
venous drainage
Coagulative necrosis - Answer✔A form of tissue necrosis in which the component cells are dead
but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for at least several days
Liquefactive necrosis - Answer✔A form of necrosis seen in focal bacterial or occasionally fungal
infections because microbes stimulate the accumulation of inflammatory cells and the enzymes
of leukocytes digest the tissue
Caseous necrosis - Answer✔A form of necrosis encountered most often in foci of tuberculous
infections
Fat necrosis - Answer✔Term referring to focal areas of fat destruction, typically resulting from
release of activated pancreatic lipases into the peritoneal cavity
1|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:24PM.
Fibrinous necrosis - Answer✔A special form of necrosis usually seen in immune reactions
involving blood vessels
Autophagy - Answer✔Lysosomal digestion of the cell's own components
Apoptosis - Answer✔A pathway of cell death that is induced by a tightly regulated suicide
program in which the cells destined to die activate enzymes capable of degrading the cells own
nuclear DNA
Steatosis (fatty change) - Answer✔Refers to any abnormal accumulation of triglycerides within
parenchymal cells It is most often seen in the liver
Dystrophic calcification - Answer✔Depositions of calcium at sites of cell injury and necrosis
Metastatic calcification - Answer✔Deposition of calcium in normal tissues, caused by
hypercalcemia (usually a consequence of parathyroid hormone excess)
Inflammation - Answer✔A protective response intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell
injury as well as the necrotic cells and tissues resulting from the original insult
Acute inflammation - Answer✔A rapid response to injury or microbes and other foreign
substance that is designed to deliver leukocytes and plasma proteins to sites of injury
Serous inflammation - Answer✔Fluid in a serous cavity
Serous inflammation is marked by fluid transudates, reflecting moderately increased vascular
permeability. Such accumulations in the peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities are called
effusions;
Effusion - Answer✔Fluid in a serous cavity ,
Fibrinous inflammation - Answer✔Inflammation occurring as a consequence of more severe
injuries, resulting in greater vascular permeability that allows large molecules (such as
fibrinogen) to pass the endothelial barrier
Abscess - Answer✔Focal collections of pus that may be caused by seeding of pyogenic
organisms into a tissue or by secondary infections of necrotic foci
Ulcer - Answer✔A local defect or excavation of the surface of an organ or tissue that is
produced by necrosis of cells and sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue
Cytokines - Answer✔Polypeptide products of many cell types that function as mediators of
inflammation and immune responses
2|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2:24PM.
Chronic inflammation - Answer✔Prolonged inflammation in which active inflammation, tissue
injury, and healing proceed simultaneously
Granulomatous inflammation - Answer✔A distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation
characterized by aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an epithelioid appearance
Repair - Answer✔The restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
Regeneration - Answer✔The process of replacing damaged tissue components and essentially
returning to a normal state
Fibrosis - Answer✔The extensive deposition of collagen that occurs in the lungs, liver, kidney
and other organs as a consequence of chronic inflammation
Angiogenesis - Answer✔A critical process in healing at sites of ischemia where a preexisting
vessel sends out capillary sprouts to produce new vessels
Keloid - Answer✔A prominent raised scar caused by the accumulation of exuberant amounts of
collagen
Edema - Answer✔Significant increased fluid in the interstitial tissue spaces
Anasarca - Answer✔Severe and generalized edema with profound subcutaneous tissue swelling
Hyperemia - Answer✔A local increase in blood volume that is an active process from
augmented blood flow due to arteriolar dilation
Congestion - Answer✔A local increase in blood volume that is a passive process resulting from
impaired venous return out of a tissue
Hematoma - Answer✔The accumulation of blood confined within a tissue after a hemorrhage
Normal hemostasis - Answer✔A tightly regulated process that maintains blood in a fluid, clot-
free state in normal vessels while inducing the rapid formation of a localized hemostatic plug at
the site of vascular injury
Thrombosis - Answer✔Blood clot (thrombus) formation in uninjured vessels or thrombotic
occlusion of a vessel after relatively minor injury
Lines of Zahn - Answer✔The grossly and microscopically apparent lamination in a thrombi
representing pale platelet and fibrin layers alternating with darker erythrocyte-rich layers
Embolism - Answer✔A detached intravascular solid, liquid, or gaseous mass that is carried by
the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
Infarct - Answer✔An area of ischemic necrosis caused by occlusion of either the arterial supply
or the venous drainage in a particular tissue
3|Page
