BIO 669 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
(GRADED A+)
Each surface colonized by bacteria and fungi that is unique to the particular location and individual
references what?
Normal microbiome
What is the second line of defense?
Inflammatory response
What are location manifestations of second line of defense, the inflammatory response?
Redness (Rigor)
Heat (Calor)
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
What are vascular responses from the inflammatory response in the second line of defense?
Blood vessel dilation
Increased vascular permeability
White blood cell adherence
What are the goals of inflammation?
Limit and control the inflammatory process
Prevent and limit infection and further damage
Initiate adaptive immune response
Initiate healing
What are the plasma protein systems?
Complement, clotting, kinin
What does the complement system do?
Produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, activate mast cells, and destroy
pathogens
What is the activation of the complement system?
C3 and C5
What are the pathways of the complement system?
Classical, lectin, alternative
What does the clotting system do?
, Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site
What is the main substance in the coagulation system?
An insoluble protein called fibrin
What is the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation system?
Most common
Found in blood
What is the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation system?
Endothelial cells
Line inner vessels
What does the kinin system do?
Releases bradykinin which causes vasodilation (which then leads to the inflammatory response)
What are the functions of the Kinin system?
It activates and assist inflammatory cells causing dilation of vessels, pain and smooth muscle contraction
Increase vascular permeability White
Why is tight regulation of plasma protein systems essential?
Multiple mechanisms are available to activate or inactivate
What are cellular components of inflammation?
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What is the responsibility or cytokines?
Activating other cells and regulating inflammatory response
Chemokines
Synthesized by many cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) in response to proinflammatory
cytokines
Induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and wound healing
Interleukins (ILs)
Produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a pathogen or stimulation by other
products of inflammation
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha
(GRADED A+)
Each surface colonized by bacteria and fungi that is unique to the particular location and individual
references what?
Normal microbiome
What is the second line of defense?
Inflammatory response
What are location manifestations of second line of defense, the inflammatory response?
Redness (Rigor)
Heat (Calor)
Swelling
Pain
Loss of function
What are vascular responses from the inflammatory response in the second line of defense?
Blood vessel dilation
Increased vascular permeability
White blood cell adherence
What are the goals of inflammation?
Limit and control the inflammatory process
Prevent and limit infection and further damage
Initiate adaptive immune response
Initiate healing
What are the plasma protein systems?
Complement, clotting, kinin
What does the complement system do?
Produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, activate mast cells, and destroy
pathogens
What is the activation of the complement system?
C3 and C5
What are the pathways of the complement system?
Classical, lectin, alternative
What does the clotting system do?
, Forms a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site
What is the main substance in the coagulation system?
An insoluble protein called fibrin
What is the extrinsic pathway in the coagulation system?
Most common
Found in blood
What is the intrinsic pathway in the coagulation system?
Endothelial cells
Line inner vessels
What does the kinin system do?
Releases bradykinin which causes vasodilation (which then leads to the inflammatory response)
What are the functions of the Kinin system?
It activates and assist inflammatory cells causing dilation of vessels, pain and smooth muscle contraction
Increase vascular permeability White
Why is tight regulation of plasma protein systems essential?
Multiple mechanisms are available to activate or inactivate
What are cellular components of inflammation?
Erythrocytes, platelets, leukocytes
Types of Leukocytes
Granulocytes
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
What is the responsibility or cytokines?
Activating other cells and regulating inflammatory response
Chemokines
Synthesized by many cells (macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells) in response to proinflammatory
cytokines
Induce chemotaxis to promote phagocytosis and wound healing
Interleukins (ILs)
Produced primarily by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a pathogen or stimulation by other
products of inflammation
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha
