BIO 669 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
(GRADED A+)
Reflex Arc Four Components
Receptor: to sense change
Afferent neuron: to signal that change
Efferent neuron: to respond to change
Effector (gland/muscles): to carry out that change
*Upper motor neuron syndromes are NOT apart of the Arc
Fasciculations in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes
Would be a bundle of muscles contracting at one time and that can cause some rippling of the overall
muscle
Fibrillations in the Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes
Movement or contraction of an individual motor cell by itself
Lower Motor Neuron Diseases:
Paralytic Poliomyelitis i.e. Polio
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (demyelination usually caused by a virus)
Progressive Bulbar Palsy
Upper Motor Neuron Disease:
Cerebral Palsy
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory (smell)
Cranial Nerves 2-6 (minus 5)
Innervation of the eye
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal Nerve
Allows for sensation of the facial muscles i.e. the jaw muscles
Cranial Nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Sense of hearing and sense of balance
Cranial Nerve 9
, Glossopharyngeal Nerve:
Affects the tongue and pharynx muscles
Cranial Nerve 10
Vagus Nerve (the Wanderer)
Has the most extensive reach beyond the head and neck region
Cranial Nerve 11
Accessory Nerve
Innervates the Trapezius muscles "shrugging your shoulders"
Cranial Nerve 12
Hypologlossal Nerve
Affects your tongue
Receptors of SNS Postganglionic Fibers
Norepinephrine and adrenergic receptors
PNS Pre and Post Ganglionic Fibers
Acetylcholine and cholinergic receptors
Somatic Nervous System Receptors
Only releases AcH as well
Only Nicotinic receptors are located on the skeletal muscle
Length of pre- and post- ganglionic fibers:
SNS: short preganglionic fibers (releases AcH) and longer post-ganglionic fibers (releases NE)
PNS: longer preganglionic fibers (AcH) and shorter postganglionic fibers (also AcH)
Ganglia in the SNS
Are Paravertebral (next to the spine) in the Thoracolumbar division
Ganglia in the PNS
Are found closer to the target organ or the Craniosacral division
GI Tract SNS
Decreases motility, decreases secretions, and closes sphincters
GI Tract PNS
(GRADED A+)
Reflex Arc Four Components
Receptor: to sense change
Afferent neuron: to signal that change
Efferent neuron: to respond to change
Effector (gland/muscles): to carry out that change
*Upper motor neuron syndromes are NOT apart of the Arc
Fasciculations in the Upper Motor Neuron Syndromes
Would be a bundle of muscles contracting at one time and that can cause some rippling of the overall
muscle
Fibrillations in the Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes
Movement or contraction of an individual motor cell by itself
Lower Motor Neuron Diseases:
Paralytic Poliomyelitis i.e. Polio
Guillain-Barre Syndrome (demyelination usually caused by a virus)
Progressive Bulbar Palsy
Upper Motor Neuron Disease:
Cerebral Palsy
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfactory (smell)
Cranial Nerves 2-6 (minus 5)
Innervation of the eye
Cranial Nerve 5
Trigeminal Nerve
Allows for sensation of the facial muscles i.e. the jaw muscles
Cranial Nerve 8
Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Sense of hearing and sense of balance
Cranial Nerve 9
, Glossopharyngeal Nerve:
Affects the tongue and pharynx muscles
Cranial Nerve 10
Vagus Nerve (the Wanderer)
Has the most extensive reach beyond the head and neck region
Cranial Nerve 11
Accessory Nerve
Innervates the Trapezius muscles "shrugging your shoulders"
Cranial Nerve 12
Hypologlossal Nerve
Affects your tongue
Receptors of SNS Postganglionic Fibers
Norepinephrine and adrenergic receptors
PNS Pre and Post Ganglionic Fibers
Acetylcholine and cholinergic receptors
Somatic Nervous System Receptors
Only releases AcH as well
Only Nicotinic receptors are located on the skeletal muscle
Length of pre- and post- ganglionic fibers:
SNS: short preganglionic fibers (releases AcH) and longer post-ganglionic fibers (releases NE)
PNS: longer preganglionic fibers (AcH) and shorter postganglionic fibers (also AcH)
Ganglia in the SNS
Are Paravertebral (next to the spine) in the Thoracolumbar division
Ganglia in the PNS
Are found closer to the target organ or the Craniosacral division
GI Tract SNS
Decreases motility, decreases secretions, and closes sphincters
GI Tract PNS
