BIO 669 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE
(GRADED A+)
what can pulmonary disease/ injury lead to?
hypercapnia due to decreased ability to ventilate.
what does hypoxemia mean?
low o2 in arterial blood.
What does hypoxia mean?
lack of oxygen in tissues
due to lack of metabolic demand
what happens when you have a widespread lack of ventilation?
since the blood has nowhere to shunt the blood, it can cause right to left shunting which can lead to
increased CO2 retention and decreased oxygenation
what are signs of acute respiratory failure?
PA O2 less than 60, PCO2 greater than 50 and a pH less than or equal to 7.5= acidosis.
increased carbon dioxide, decreased oxygenation= no able to properly exchange gas
hypercapnia's typically indicates?
ventilatory problems
hypoxemia typically indicates?
inadequate exchange
ie fibrosis or edema
what are examples of chest wall restriction?
depressed sternum, damage to ribs, obesity
What is flail chest?
It is a life-threatening condition that involves two or more fractures of adjacent ribs - This causes a flail
segment to move in the opposite direction of the other ribs, causing compression of the expanded lung
and expansion when you are expiring= decreased resp ability
What is a pneumothorax?
air in the pleural space that is caused by rupture of the visceral and/or the parietal pleura
what is an open pneumothorax?
where lung is free to recoil and shrink due to loss of vacuum and pressure within the pleural cavity
What is a tension pneumothorax?
, air can enter the pleural space but cannot exit not allowing the lung to recoil and shrink. intern puts
more pressure on the lung itself.
what is a primary pneumothorax?
spontaneous caused by a bleb or an expanded alveolus or acini unit that has ruptured, possibly
damaging pleura.
what is a secondary pneumothorax?
caused by some other region being spontaneous or occurs due to something aside from being
spontaneous.
Ie. Rib fracture that punctures lung.
What is pleural effusion?
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
what is a transudative fusion?
fluid shift from the vascular compartment into the pleural compartment
usually serous= minimal proteins
if occurs slowly, may not be noticed. if slowly very noticeablenoticable
What is an exudative pleural effusion?
some sort of cell damage and or cell accumulation/ infection
this can also block lymphatics resulting in back up to the pleural cavity
What is a hemothorax?
blood in the pleural space, also collapses the lung
what is empyema?
infection of the plural space.
what is chylothyrax?
a blockage of the lymphatic drainage that backs up chyle (fatty) into the plural cavity
what does restrictive Lung disease do?
decreases compliance= difficulty ventilating due to the work needed to expand and retract lungs
what are examples of reasons for the lungs to be difficult to expand and contract?
aspiration
atelectasis
surfactant impairment
(GRADED A+)
what can pulmonary disease/ injury lead to?
hypercapnia due to decreased ability to ventilate.
what does hypoxemia mean?
low o2 in arterial blood.
What does hypoxia mean?
lack of oxygen in tissues
due to lack of metabolic demand
what happens when you have a widespread lack of ventilation?
since the blood has nowhere to shunt the blood, it can cause right to left shunting which can lead to
increased CO2 retention and decreased oxygenation
what are signs of acute respiratory failure?
PA O2 less than 60, PCO2 greater than 50 and a pH less than or equal to 7.5= acidosis.
increased carbon dioxide, decreased oxygenation= no able to properly exchange gas
hypercapnia's typically indicates?
ventilatory problems
hypoxemia typically indicates?
inadequate exchange
ie fibrosis or edema
what are examples of chest wall restriction?
depressed sternum, damage to ribs, obesity
What is flail chest?
It is a life-threatening condition that involves two or more fractures of adjacent ribs - This causes a flail
segment to move in the opposite direction of the other ribs, causing compression of the expanded lung
and expansion when you are expiring= decreased resp ability
What is a pneumothorax?
air in the pleural space that is caused by rupture of the visceral and/or the parietal pleura
what is an open pneumothorax?
where lung is free to recoil and shrink due to loss of vacuum and pressure within the pleural cavity
What is a tension pneumothorax?
, air can enter the pleural space but cannot exit not allowing the lung to recoil and shrink. intern puts
more pressure on the lung itself.
what is a primary pneumothorax?
spontaneous caused by a bleb or an expanded alveolus or acini unit that has ruptured, possibly
damaging pleura.
what is a secondary pneumothorax?
caused by some other region being spontaneous or occurs due to something aside from being
spontaneous.
Ie. Rib fracture that punctures lung.
What is pleural effusion?
accumulation of fluid in the pleural space
what is a transudative fusion?
fluid shift from the vascular compartment into the pleural compartment
usually serous= minimal proteins
if occurs slowly, may not be noticed. if slowly very noticeablenoticable
What is an exudative pleural effusion?
some sort of cell damage and or cell accumulation/ infection
this can also block lymphatics resulting in back up to the pleural cavity
What is a hemothorax?
blood in the pleural space, also collapses the lung
what is empyema?
infection of the plural space.
what is chylothyrax?
a blockage of the lymphatic drainage that backs up chyle (fatty) into the plural cavity
what does restrictive Lung disease do?
decreases compliance= difficulty ventilating due to the work needed to expand and retract lungs
what are examples of reasons for the lungs to be difficult to expand and contract?
aspiration
atelectasis
surfactant impairment
