EXCEL MINDS ACADEMIC GROUP
GNS 111
(COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH, USE OF LIBRARY AND
ICT)
COMPENDIUM
FOREWARD
The seemingly technical tendencies of the course GNS 111 titled; communication in
english, use of library and ICT prompted the culling of this compendium, with carefully
sourced and recognised textbooks. It is of great interest and assurance that this piece
of work will to a greater extent ameliorate the challenges faced by our respected
colleagues. The material contains some notable nuggets extracted from the textbook.
However, it should be noted that the material is supplementary and it is not meant to
override the textbook provided by the university management, but it is targeted to serve
as a worthwhile and conspicuous complement which will to a larger extent guarantee
resounding success in this course.
Endeavor to study it with understanding.
Compiled by:
Scholar Afolabi Timileyin
Scholar yusuf
Scholar Samuel okenla
Scholar Olarenwaju Abiodun
Scholar Balogun Aishat
Scholar Omowunmi
Scholar Yusirat
EXCEL MINDS
Developing
Potentials…
, 1
CHAPTER ONE
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
Phonetics and Phonology are both fields of linguistics that study speech sounds,
yet
they differ in their specific focus and approach.
Phonetics primarily examines the physical aspects of speech sounds, such as how
they
are produced, transmitted, and perceived. This includes the study of the
articulatory,
acoustic, and auditory properties of speech sounds.
Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, mental
representation of
speech sounds and their patterns within a language. It investigates how speech
sounds
are organized, combined, and used to convey meaning in different languages,
including
their distributional patterns, contrasts, and phonological rules.
In summary, The relationship between phonetics and phonology could be likened to
that
of the farmer and the cook, clearly the farmer plant the crops what the cook
prepare is
EXCEL MINDS
Developing Potentials…
, 2
food .The phonetician ( an expert in or a student of phonetics) researches on
speech
sounds (phones) while the PHILOLOGIST ( a person who studies the speech sound
of a
particular language) analyses the way in which the sound and the prosodic
features that
are defined by the phonetician are processed and used in natural human language .
Phonetics focuses on the physical properties of speech sounds, Phonology deals
with
their cognitive representation and organizational principles within a language
system.
Despite their distinct focuses, these two fields are closely related and often
intersect, as
a thorough understanding of speech sounds requires knowledge from both
perspectives.
Phonologists holds that there are basically 44 phonetics on the phonemic inventory
of
English language excluding what is now termed “ marginal phonemes " which are
broadly divided into two categories ( vowel sounds and consonants sounds also
called
voicalic or vocaid and consonatal or contoid sound)
*The international chart of table of symbols that represents each of these 44
phonemes
of English is called (IPA CHART) . International phonetic alphabet.
*There are 20 vowels in English but further divided into different subtypes which
EXCEL MINDS
Developing Potentials…
, 3
are
1.monophthongs or pure vowel (monophthongs are 12 in numbers subdivided into
different subtypes which are short sounds and the long sound indicated by the long
colon- like mark)
1. /i/ as in "beet"
2. /ɪ/ as in "bit"
3. /e/ as in "bait"
4. /æ/ as in "bat"
5. /ɑ/ as in "bot"
6. /ɔ/ as in "bought"
7. /ʊ/ as in "book"
8. /u/ as in "boot"
9. /ɛ/ as in "bet
10. /ʌ/ as in "but"
11. /ɝ/ as in "bird"
12. /ɑr/ as in "bar"
2. Diphthongs or impure vowel
Diphthongs refers to any two different elements or any two different sounds
symbols
that is produced as one sound not two separate sounds and function as one
EXCEL MINDS
Developing Potentials…
GNS 111
(COMMUNICATION IN ENGLISH, USE OF LIBRARY AND
ICT)
COMPENDIUM
FOREWARD
The seemingly technical tendencies of the course GNS 111 titled; communication in
english, use of library and ICT prompted the culling of this compendium, with carefully
sourced and recognised textbooks. It is of great interest and assurance that this piece
of work will to a greater extent ameliorate the challenges faced by our respected
colleagues. The material contains some notable nuggets extracted from the textbook.
However, it should be noted that the material is supplementary and it is not meant to
override the textbook provided by the university management, but it is targeted to serve
as a worthwhile and conspicuous complement which will to a larger extent guarantee
resounding success in this course.
Endeavor to study it with understanding.
Compiled by:
Scholar Afolabi Timileyin
Scholar yusuf
Scholar Samuel okenla
Scholar Olarenwaju Abiodun
Scholar Balogun Aishat
Scholar Omowunmi
Scholar Yusirat
EXCEL MINDS
Developing
Potentials…
, 1
CHAPTER ONE
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
Phonetics and Phonology are both fields of linguistics that study speech sounds,
yet
they differ in their specific focus and approach.
Phonetics primarily examines the physical aspects of speech sounds, such as how
they
are produced, transmitted, and perceived. This includes the study of the
articulatory,
acoustic, and auditory properties of speech sounds.
Phonology, on the other hand, is concerned with the abstract, mental
representation of
speech sounds and their patterns within a language. It investigates how speech
sounds
are organized, combined, and used to convey meaning in different languages,
including
their distributional patterns, contrasts, and phonological rules.
In summary, The relationship between phonetics and phonology could be likened to
that
of the farmer and the cook, clearly the farmer plant the crops what the cook
prepare is
EXCEL MINDS
Developing Potentials…
, 2
food .The phonetician ( an expert in or a student of phonetics) researches on
speech
sounds (phones) while the PHILOLOGIST ( a person who studies the speech sound
of a
particular language) analyses the way in which the sound and the prosodic
features that
are defined by the phonetician are processed and used in natural human language .
Phonetics focuses on the physical properties of speech sounds, Phonology deals
with
their cognitive representation and organizational principles within a language
system.
Despite their distinct focuses, these two fields are closely related and often
intersect, as
a thorough understanding of speech sounds requires knowledge from both
perspectives.
Phonologists holds that there are basically 44 phonetics on the phonemic inventory
of
English language excluding what is now termed “ marginal phonemes " which are
broadly divided into two categories ( vowel sounds and consonants sounds also
called
voicalic or vocaid and consonatal or contoid sound)
*The international chart of table of symbols that represents each of these 44
phonemes
of English is called (IPA CHART) . International phonetic alphabet.
*There are 20 vowels in English but further divided into different subtypes which
EXCEL MINDS
Developing Potentials…
, 3
are
1.monophthongs or pure vowel (monophthongs are 12 in numbers subdivided into
different subtypes which are short sounds and the long sound indicated by the long
colon- like mark)
1. /i/ as in "beet"
2. /ɪ/ as in "bit"
3. /e/ as in "bait"
4. /æ/ as in "bat"
5. /ɑ/ as in "bot"
6. /ɔ/ as in "bought"
7. /ʊ/ as in "book"
8. /u/ as in "boot"
9. /ɛ/ as in "bet
10. /ʌ/ as in "but"
11. /ɝ/ as in "bird"
12. /ɑr/ as in "bar"
2. Diphthongs or impure vowel
Diphthongs refers to any two different elements or any two different sounds
symbols
that is produced as one sound not two separate sounds and function as one
EXCEL MINDS
Developing Potentials…
