UNDERSTANDING PATHO EXAM SUCCESS: ULTIMATE
A+, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS BREAKDOWN
what triggers the IR?
-gene imperfections
-microbial invasion & toxin release
-mechanical injury (break/sprain)
-ischemic injury (lack of blood flow)
-local, regional, systemic hypo perfusion (causes hypotension)
-reperfusion injuries (restoring blood flow)
what is a mediator?
-release of endogenous substance triggers it
-exerts a physiologic or pathophysiologic change
*4 diff classes (vasoactive amines, substances produced by plasma enzyme systems. AA metabolites, and
miscellaneous cell products)
cytokines
-low-molecular-weight regulatory proteins
-produced during all phases of inflammatory response
*aka mediators (ex: interleukins & interferons)
Describe mast cells
-bags of granules in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels
*skin, GI tract, respiratory tract
*major player in the inflammatory response
process of mast cell degranulation
histamine release (vasoactive amine)
-constriction of large blood vessels (hypotension)
-dilation of postcapillary venules
-retraction of endothelial cells lining capillaries
Know the major mediator released when mast cells degranulate
histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and PAF (platelet-activating factor)
Advil/aspirin are what inhibitors?
prostaglandin inhibitor drugs
-lowers edema and pain
Leukotrienes
, Product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes
Similar effects to histamine in later stages
-can increase airway constriction; increase permeability in intestines
prostaglandins
-similar to leukotrienes
-**induce pain
-increase vascular permeability
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Similar effect to leukotrienes- also causes platelets to clump together and blood vessels to widen
(WBCs) also referred to as
leukocytes
-norm range (5,000-10,000/cu mm)
neutrophils (50-70%)
phagocytosis of bacteria
-1st responder to infection
basophils (0-1%)
release histamine; work in allergic responses
-similar in mast cell that also releases histamine
Eosinophils (0-3%)
increased in allergic response
*not very good at phagocytosis
monocytes (2-6%)
phagocytosis--> develops into macrophage
macrophages
mature monocytes that migrated from blood to tissues
shift to the left means
(neutrophils kick in to fight infection)
Identify a normal white blood cell count (WBC)
5-10,000/cu mm
chemotaxis
A+, QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS BREAKDOWN
what triggers the IR?
-gene imperfections
-microbial invasion & toxin release
-mechanical injury (break/sprain)
-ischemic injury (lack of blood flow)
-local, regional, systemic hypo perfusion (causes hypotension)
-reperfusion injuries (restoring blood flow)
what is a mediator?
-release of endogenous substance triggers it
-exerts a physiologic or pathophysiologic change
*4 diff classes (vasoactive amines, substances produced by plasma enzyme systems. AA metabolites, and
miscellaneous cell products)
cytokines
-low-molecular-weight regulatory proteins
-produced during all phases of inflammatory response
*aka mediators (ex: interleukins & interferons)
Describe mast cells
-bags of granules in loose connective tissue close to blood vessels
*skin, GI tract, respiratory tract
*major player in the inflammatory response
process of mast cell degranulation
histamine release (vasoactive amine)
-constriction of large blood vessels (hypotension)
-dilation of postcapillary venules
-retraction of endothelial cells lining capillaries
Know the major mediator released when mast cells degranulate
histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and PAF (platelet-activating factor)
Advil/aspirin are what inhibitors?
prostaglandin inhibitor drugs
-lowers edema and pain
Leukotrienes
, Product of arachidonic acid from mast cell membranes
Similar effects to histamine in later stages
-can increase airway constriction; increase permeability in intestines
prostaglandins
-similar to leukotrienes
-**induce pain
-increase vascular permeability
Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)
Similar effect to leukotrienes- also causes platelets to clump together and blood vessels to widen
(WBCs) also referred to as
leukocytes
-norm range (5,000-10,000/cu mm)
neutrophils (50-70%)
phagocytosis of bacteria
-1st responder to infection
basophils (0-1%)
release histamine; work in allergic responses
-similar in mast cell that also releases histamine
Eosinophils (0-3%)
increased in allergic response
*not very good at phagocytosis
monocytes (2-6%)
phagocytosis--> develops into macrophage
macrophages
mature monocytes that migrated from blood to tissues
shift to the left means
(neutrophils kick in to fight infection)
Identify a normal white blood cell count (WBC)
5-10,000/cu mm
chemotaxis
