Human Anatomy Exam 2 Essay Questions Latest
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A) Discuss the normal roles of Acetylcholine (Ach) and Calcium ions (Ca+) in a muscle
contraction
B)Muscle-relaxing drugs are administered to a patient during major surgery. Which of
the two chemicals described next would be a good skeletal relaxant and why? (3 pts)
· Chemical A binds to and blocks Ach receptors of muscle cells.
· Chemical B floods muscle cells' cytoplasm with Ca+. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Acetylcholine binds to receptors in the motor endplate, initiating a change in ion
permeability that results in the end-plate potential. Calcium exposes the site on actin
which interacts with myosin - this is in the skeletal muscle. Ca ions and proteins bond to
actin play a crucial role in both muscle cell contraction and relaxation.
Chemical A. By blocking the binding of Ach to the motor endplate, neutral stimulation of
the cell is blocked, and the muscle cell cannot depolarize.
Compare and contrast controls of bone remodeling exerted by hormones and by
mechanical and gravitational forces, including the actual purpose of each control system
and changes in bone architecture that might occur.
A) Name the specific hormones that control remodeling and explain their mechanism of
action on bone and any other applicable systems. B) Explain the mechanical and
gravitational forces and their effects on bone. - CORRECT ANSWER: Specific
hormones that control remodeling include calcitonin, growth hormone, thyroxine,
androgen, and estrogen. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity while allowing osteoblast
activity to continue which means it is inhibiting resorption while allowing bone growth.
Growth hormone, thyroxine, androgen, and estrogen all stimulate osteoblast activity
which stimulates bone growth and allows for remodeling.
, Mechanical and gravitational forces and their effect on bone is known as Wolfs Law.
This states that a bone will grow in response to mechanical and gravitational forces
acting upon it.
Compare and contrast the tissue arrangement of spongy bone and compact bone.
Include where each is found. - CORRECT ANSWER: Spongy bone is composed of
honeycomb networks of trabecula with red and yellow marrow filling all the spaces.
These trabecula form along lines of stress where mechanical and gravitational forces
are acting on the bone. It's found in the epiphysis of long bones as well as the diploe of
flat, short and irregular bones. Compact bone is composed of osteons which are the
main structural unit, a central canal for nerves and blood vessels to go through as well
as concentric and interstitial lamellae which give compact bone its strength due to their
many rings like when you roll up a poster. You can find compact bone in the diaphysis of
long bones.
Describe four of the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each. Be sure to
include anatomical features of each type. - CORRECT ANSWER: -Gliding joint is
slightly nonaxial or multiaxial examples include intercarpal and intertarsal.
-Hinge joints are monoaxial and examples include elbows and knees.
-Pivot joints are monoaxial and an example is the atlas/axis joint.
-Saddle joints are biaxial and an example is the first carpometacarpal.
Describe the anatomical and functional classifications of articulations. Provide examples
of each classification and then explain how the two classification systems are related. -
CORRECT ANSWER: Anatomical classifications are classified by what binds them
together samples are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Functional classifications
are based on the amount of movement allowed, examples include synarthroses,
amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. They are related because structure reflects function
for example fibrous articulations are synarthroses because they are immovable,
cartilaginous are amphiarthroses because they are slightly movable and synovial are
diarthroses because they are freely movable.
Emily uses a 50 pound weight to do a biceps curl. She also uses her biceps to pick up a
pencil. How is it possible for Emily to use the same muscles to lift everything from very
heavy objects to light objects using the same muscles? Explain. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Update 2025-2026 Actual Exam Questions with
100% Verified Correct Answers Guaranteed A+
Verified by Professor
A) Discuss the normal roles of Acetylcholine (Ach) and Calcium ions (Ca+) in a muscle
contraction
B)Muscle-relaxing drugs are administered to a patient during major surgery. Which of
the two chemicals described next would be a good skeletal relaxant and why? (3 pts)
· Chemical A binds to and blocks Ach receptors of muscle cells.
· Chemical B floods muscle cells' cytoplasm with Ca+. - CORRECT ANSWER:
Acetylcholine binds to receptors in the motor endplate, initiating a change in ion
permeability that results in the end-plate potential. Calcium exposes the site on actin
which interacts with myosin - this is in the skeletal muscle. Ca ions and proteins bond to
actin play a crucial role in both muscle cell contraction and relaxation.
Chemical A. By blocking the binding of Ach to the motor endplate, neutral stimulation of
the cell is blocked, and the muscle cell cannot depolarize.
Compare and contrast controls of bone remodeling exerted by hormones and by
mechanical and gravitational forces, including the actual purpose of each control system
and changes in bone architecture that might occur.
A) Name the specific hormones that control remodeling and explain their mechanism of
action on bone and any other applicable systems. B) Explain the mechanical and
gravitational forces and their effects on bone. - CORRECT ANSWER: Specific
hormones that control remodeling include calcitonin, growth hormone, thyroxine,
androgen, and estrogen. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity while allowing osteoblast
activity to continue which means it is inhibiting resorption while allowing bone growth.
Growth hormone, thyroxine, androgen, and estrogen all stimulate osteoblast activity
which stimulates bone growth and allows for remodeling.
, Mechanical and gravitational forces and their effect on bone is known as Wolfs Law.
This states that a bone will grow in response to mechanical and gravitational forces
acting upon it.
Compare and contrast the tissue arrangement of spongy bone and compact bone.
Include where each is found. - CORRECT ANSWER: Spongy bone is composed of
honeycomb networks of trabecula with red and yellow marrow filling all the spaces.
These trabecula form along lines of stress where mechanical and gravitational forces
are acting on the bone. It's found in the epiphysis of long bones as well as the diploe of
flat, short and irregular bones. Compact bone is composed of osteons which are the
main structural unit, a central canal for nerves and blood vessels to go through as well
as concentric and interstitial lamellae which give compact bone its strength due to their
many rings like when you roll up a poster. You can find compact bone in the diaphysis of
long bones.
Describe four of the six types of synovial joints and give an example of each. Be sure to
include anatomical features of each type. - CORRECT ANSWER: -Gliding joint is
slightly nonaxial or multiaxial examples include intercarpal and intertarsal.
-Hinge joints are monoaxial and examples include elbows and knees.
-Pivot joints are monoaxial and an example is the atlas/axis joint.
-Saddle joints are biaxial and an example is the first carpometacarpal.
Describe the anatomical and functional classifications of articulations. Provide examples
of each classification and then explain how the two classification systems are related. -
CORRECT ANSWER: Anatomical classifications are classified by what binds them
together samples are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints. Functional classifications
are based on the amount of movement allowed, examples include synarthroses,
amphiarthroses, and diarthroses. They are related because structure reflects function
for example fibrous articulations are synarthroses because they are immovable,
cartilaginous are amphiarthroses because they are slightly movable and synovial are
diarthroses because they are freely movable.
Emily uses a 50 pound weight to do a biceps curl. She also uses her biceps to pick up a
pencil. How is it possible for Emily to use the same muscles to lift everything from very
heavy objects to light objects using the same muscles? Explain. - CORRECT ANSWER:
