CRJS 1001: A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST
UPDATES UNVAILED!
Five Approaches to Crime
Conflict (law serves elite, tool of oppression), consensus (social contract), legalistic (crimes go against
society under law), biological (crime not natural), sociological (crime natural)
Classifications of Crime
Violent (murder vs homicide), assault, sexual assault, robbery, B&E, property, morality, organized, cyber,
victims, hate, non-violent
Terra Nullis
"Land belonging to no-one"; land under-utilized by first nations, able to take
Doctrine of Discovery
Europeans following God's will in colonialism of Indigenous people
Factors that Affect Crime Cycles
employment, politics, internet, COVID-19, unattended homes, laws (gun-control), access to birth control
and abortion, environmental politics
Police Reported Crime
Uniform Crime Statistics and the Uniform Crime Reporting System
Victim Reported Crime
General Social Survey
Factors that impact reporting crime
guilt, shame, trust of police, demographics, legislation, society, economics, technology, lack of evidence,
did not want to get criminal in trouble, feel insignificant, etc...
9 Research Steps
Planning, conceptualization, choice of method, operationalization, sampling, data collection, data
processing, analysis, application
Classical Period
rational/free will, deterrence, punishment is social contract
Becarria
against torture and death penalty, people motivated by pleasure and avoiding pain, choice theory
Bentham
, punishments to be known in advance and swift and proportionate, rational choice theory
Lombroso
Atavism (robbers have quick shifting eyes and thin beards whereas murderers have glassy motionless
eyes and hawk nose). Categories of criminals (born, occasional, insane, epileptic, passion, criminaloids)
Hooton
Three body types: endomorph (fat, easygoing) ectomorph (tall, lean, introverted), mesomorph (well-
built, muscles, aggressive, insensitive to pain)
Limits of classical school
assumption of rationality, limited consideration of biological and sociological factors, harshness of
punishments, lack of empirical evidence, overemphasis on formal legal system
Positivist School (1800s)
the application of science to crime, crime inherited (Darwin)
Five key assumptions of Positiivist School
human behaviour not free will, criminals fundamentally different from non-criminals, social scientists
can be objective in their work, crime caused by multiple factors, specific and identifiable causes of
criminal behaviour
Biological explanations of crime
Darwn (evolution), nurture and nature, twin studies, adoption studies (child crim. behav. more
biological), Gene x environment
Impacts of biological explanations on crime
criminologists can look at effects of environment, lived experiences, and genotype
Biological explanations: Brain chemistry
dopamine (pleasure/reward neurotransmitter, dysfunction leads to antisocial behaviour) and serotonin
(behaviour neurotransmitter, dysfunction leads to bad behaviour)
Individual psychology
High sensation seeking and low self-control leads to impulsive risk taking AND negative emotionality
leads to increased hostility, and combined with callous emotional traits leads to increased cruelty
Freud main three principles
Id (pleasure, urges, unconscious), ego (reality, achieve goals), and superego (conscious and morality,
guides id and ego)
Freud five paths to criminality
UPDATES UNVAILED!
Five Approaches to Crime
Conflict (law serves elite, tool of oppression), consensus (social contract), legalistic (crimes go against
society under law), biological (crime not natural), sociological (crime natural)
Classifications of Crime
Violent (murder vs homicide), assault, sexual assault, robbery, B&E, property, morality, organized, cyber,
victims, hate, non-violent
Terra Nullis
"Land belonging to no-one"; land under-utilized by first nations, able to take
Doctrine of Discovery
Europeans following God's will in colonialism of Indigenous people
Factors that Affect Crime Cycles
employment, politics, internet, COVID-19, unattended homes, laws (gun-control), access to birth control
and abortion, environmental politics
Police Reported Crime
Uniform Crime Statistics and the Uniform Crime Reporting System
Victim Reported Crime
General Social Survey
Factors that impact reporting crime
guilt, shame, trust of police, demographics, legislation, society, economics, technology, lack of evidence,
did not want to get criminal in trouble, feel insignificant, etc...
9 Research Steps
Planning, conceptualization, choice of method, operationalization, sampling, data collection, data
processing, analysis, application
Classical Period
rational/free will, deterrence, punishment is social contract
Becarria
against torture and death penalty, people motivated by pleasure and avoiding pain, choice theory
Bentham
, punishments to be known in advance and swift and proportionate, rational choice theory
Lombroso
Atavism (robbers have quick shifting eyes and thin beards whereas murderers have glassy motionless
eyes and hawk nose). Categories of criminals (born, occasional, insane, epileptic, passion, criminaloids)
Hooton
Three body types: endomorph (fat, easygoing) ectomorph (tall, lean, introverted), mesomorph (well-
built, muscles, aggressive, insensitive to pain)
Limits of classical school
assumption of rationality, limited consideration of biological and sociological factors, harshness of
punishments, lack of empirical evidence, overemphasis on formal legal system
Positivist School (1800s)
the application of science to crime, crime inherited (Darwin)
Five key assumptions of Positiivist School
human behaviour not free will, criminals fundamentally different from non-criminals, social scientists
can be objective in their work, crime caused by multiple factors, specific and identifiable causes of
criminal behaviour
Biological explanations of crime
Darwn (evolution), nurture and nature, twin studies, adoption studies (child crim. behav. more
biological), Gene x environment
Impacts of biological explanations on crime
criminologists can look at effects of environment, lived experiences, and genotype
Biological explanations: Brain chemistry
dopamine (pleasure/reward neurotransmitter, dysfunction leads to antisocial behaviour) and serotonin
(behaviour neurotransmitter, dysfunction leads to bad behaviour)
Individual psychology
High sensation seeking and low self-control leads to impulsive risk taking AND negative emotionality
leads to increased hostility, and combined with callous emotional traits leads to increased cruelty
Freud main three principles
Id (pleasure, urges, unconscious), ego (reality, achieve goals), and superego (conscious and morality,
guides id and ego)
Freud five paths to criminality
