FINAL N201 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
normal GFR rate for males
180/L
normal GFR rate for females
150/L
normal range for HCT in males
40-54
normal range for HCT in females
36-46
normal range for hgb in males
13.5-18
normal range for hgb in females
12-15
normal range for creatinine
0.5-1.5
normal BUN range
5-25
normal albumin range
3.5-5.0
BNP range
<100
signs/symptoms of fluid volume deficit resulting from decreased fluid
decreased circulating volume
diminished skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
flat neck veins
signs/symptoms if fluid volume deficit, body's response to decreased fluid
,hypotension
tachypnea
tachycardia
orthostatic hypotension
decreased urine output
nursing considerations for fluid volume deficit
monitor vitals
review labs
monitor I&O
provide assistance during ambulation
how do you treat fluid volume deficit
oral rehydration
IV fluids
when would you administer oral rehydration vs IV fluids
oral is the safest and most effective
IV is for severe fluid loss and for when the patient can not ingest fluids
what are some ways to prevent fluid volume deficit
adequate intake
electrolyte/sports drinks in moderation
encourage water consumption in young children and older adults
signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess
increased pulse
increased blood pressure
JVD
increased central venous pressure
crackles, pulmonary edema
coughing, dyspnea, orthopnea
edema
anasarca
ascites
polyuria
weight gain
nursing interventions for fluid volume excess
monitor I&O
daily weights
respiratory assessment
possible fluid restriction
, what are some treatments for fluid volume excess
focus on prevention, treating symptoms and correcting underlying cause
limit sodium intake
administer diuretics
low sodium diet
what are some ways to prevent fluid volume excess
monitor daily weights
low sodium diet
elevate lower extremities
medicate
fluid restriction
what is an acute kidney injury
sudden decline in kidney function
what lab values point to AKI
increase in BUN
increase in creatinine
decrease in GFR
what are some causes of AKI
ischemia
nephrotoxins
severe heart failure
severe liver disease
treatments for AKI
treat underlying cause
prerenal - restore blood flow
intrarenal - restore blood flow, discontinue nephrotoxic meds, flush kidneys with IV fluids
postrenal - clear the obstruction
how can you prevent AKI
maintain fluid balance
avoid nephrotoxic medications
seek immediate treatment for obstructions
what is the gradual loss of kidney function through the destruction of nephrons
chronic kidney disease
what stage of CKD has kidney damage with normal kidney function and what is the GFR
stage 1; 90+
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST UPDATE
normal GFR rate for males
180/L
normal GFR rate for females
150/L
normal range for HCT in males
40-54
normal range for HCT in females
36-46
normal range for hgb in males
13.5-18
normal range for hgb in females
12-15
normal range for creatinine
0.5-1.5
normal BUN range
5-25
normal albumin range
3.5-5.0
BNP range
<100
signs/symptoms of fluid volume deficit resulting from decreased fluid
decreased circulating volume
diminished skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
flat neck veins
signs/symptoms if fluid volume deficit, body's response to decreased fluid
,hypotension
tachypnea
tachycardia
orthostatic hypotension
decreased urine output
nursing considerations for fluid volume deficit
monitor vitals
review labs
monitor I&O
provide assistance during ambulation
how do you treat fluid volume deficit
oral rehydration
IV fluids
when would you administer oral rehydration vs IV fluids
oral is the safest and most effective
IV is for severe fluid loss and for when the patient can not ingest fluids
what are some ways to prevent fluid volume deficit
adequate intake
electrolyte/sports drinks in moderation
encourage water consumption in young children and older adults
signs and symptoms of fluid volume excess
increased pulse
increased blood pressure
JVD
increased central venous pressure
crackles, pulmonary edema
coughing, dyspnea, orthopnea
edema
anasarca
ascites
polyuria
weight gain
nursing interventions for fluid volume excess
monitor I&O
daily weights
respiratory assessment
possible fluid restriction
, what are some treatments for fluid volume excess
focus on prevention, treating symptoms and correcting underlying cause
limit sodium intake
administer diuretics
low sodium diet
what are some ways to prevent fluid volume excess
monitor daily weights
low sodium diet
elevate lower extremities
medicate
fluid restriction
what is an acute kidney injury
sudden decline in kidney function
what lab values point to AKI
increase in BUN
increase in creatinine
decrease in GFR
what are some causes of AKI
ischemia
nephrotoxins
severe heart failure
severe liver disease
treatments for AKI
treat underlying cause
prerenal - restore blood flow
intrarenal - restore blood flow, discontinue nephrotoxic meds, flush kidneys with IV fluids
postrenal - clear the obstruction
how can you prevent AKI
maintain fluid balance
avoid nephrotoxic medications
seek immediate treatment for obstructions
what is the gradual loss of kidney function through the destruction of nephrons
chronic kidney disease
what stage of CKD has kidney damage with normal kidney function and what is the GFR
stage 1; 90+
