BSC 1010L FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
Calvin Cycle
1) Carbon fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of the starting molecule
Calvin Cycle reactants
- 6 CO2
- 18 ATP
- 12 NADPH
Calvin Cycle products
- 2 G3P
- 3 ADP
- NADP+
Carbon fixation
- A molecule combines w/ a 5-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
(RuBP)
- This step makes a 6-carbon compound that splits in 2 molecules of a 3-carbon
compound, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA)
, - This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco)
Reduction
- In the 2nd stage, ATP & NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into
molecules of a 3-carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate/G3P)
***(this stage gets its name bc NADPH donates its electrons (reduces) a 3-carbon
intermediate to make G3P)
Regeneration
- Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to
regenerate the RuBP acceptor
- Regeneration requires ATP & involves a complex network of reactions
("carbohydrate scramble")
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
- Reflect green
- Absorb blue & red
Light dependent reaction
Use light energy to make 2 molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis
(Calvin cycle):
1) ATP (short-term energy storage molecule)
2) NADPH (reduced electron carrier)
*Take place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplast
Photosynthesis
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++ LATEST
UPDATE
Calvin Cycle
1) Carbon fixation
2) Reduction
3) Regeneration of the starting molecule
Calvin Cycle reactants
- 6 CO2
- 18 ATP
- 12 NADPH
Calvin Cycle products
- 2 G3P
- 3 ADP
- NADP+
Carbon fixation
- A molecule combines w/ a 5-carbon acceptor molecule, ribulose-1,5-biphosphate
(RuBP)
- This step makes a 6-carbon compound that splits in 2 molecules of a 3-carbon
compound, 3-phosphoglyceric acid (3-PGA)
, - This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (rubisco)
Reduction
- In the 2nd stage, ATP & NADPH are used to convert the 3-PGA molecules into
molecules of a 3-carbon sugar (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate/G3P)
***(this stage gets its name bc NADPH donates its electrons (reduces) a 3-carbon
intermediate to make G3P)
Regeneration
- Some G3P molecules go to make glucose, while others must be recycled to
regenerate the RuBP acceptor
- Regeneration requires ATP & involves a complex network of reactions
("carbohydrate scramble")
Chlorophyll
A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria
- Reflect green
- Absorb blue & red
Light dependent reaction
Use light energy to make 2 molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis
(Calvin cycle):
1) ATP (short-term energy storage molecule)
2) NADPH (reduced electron carrier)
*Take place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplast
Photosynthesis
