BSC 1010L: BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES LAB- MIDTERM
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Variable
any factor that can cause changes within a system. In setting up an experiment, three
types of variables are recognized.
control variable
a held constant and is used as a baseline for comparison. In many experiments this
may be referred to as the control group.
indipendent
a variable being manipulated or tested in the experiment.
dependent variable
also known as responding variable
Scientific Notation/exponent rules
1. The base always has to be 10, the coefficient has to be greater than or equal to 1 but
less than 10
2. The exponent has to reflect the number of places the decimal has to be moved to
change the number to its standard notation.
3. Numbers greater than 1 should be written with positive exponents
4. Numbers less than 1 should be written with negative exponents.
,Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells, and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and
function of all living things.
Know the factor that limits cells size
The reason for the absence of giant cells is the ratio of the surface area to volume. If the
surface area of a cell increases, the volume does not increase in direct proportion; the
volume increases proportionally faster. Thus, the surface area could not support the
metabolic needs of the increased volume.
prokaryotic cell
lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria; they are also
much smaller. The cytoplasm is surrounded by a plasma membrane,encased in a
protective cell wall. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Eukaryotic cells
are more structurally complex, are surrounded by plasma and a cell membrane, and are
larger. They have a membrane-bound nucleus and a variety of organelles. Members of
the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Biological Level of Organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
Colonial Organism
, Organisms that exist as colonies, or loosely connected groups of cells
Tissues
Groups of cells and their intercellular substances similar in structure and function
Carbohydrates
organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The
number of carbons varies from three to more than one thousand. This category includes
sugars, starch, and cellulose.
Lipids
diverse organic compounds that include fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. These
compounds are insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar compounds, such as ether.
Proteins
the most numerous and complex molecules in living organisms. Proteins provide
support, movement, storage, defense, and regulation. In addition, hormones and
enzymes are proteins.
Benedict's reagent
containing sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, and copper sulfate, is used to identify
reducing sugars. .
(Benedict's reagent) If no reducing sugars are present the solution will be
blue
(Benedict's reagent) if there is a very small amount of reducing sugar the solution
will be
green
EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Variable
any factor that can cause changes within a system. In setting up an experiment, three
types of variables are recognized.
control variable
a held constant and is used as a baseline for comparison. In many experiments this
may be referred to as the control group.
indipendent
a variable being manipulated or tested in the experiment.
dependent variable
also known as responding variable
Scientific Notation/exponent rules
1. The base always has to be 10, the coefficient has to be greater than or equal to 1 but
less than 10
2. The exponent has to reflect the number of places the decimal has to be moved to
change the number to its standard notation.
3. Numbers greater than 1 should be written with positive exponents
4. Numbers less than 1 should be written with negative exponents.
,Cell Theory
all living things are composed of cells, and that the cell is the basic unit of structure and
function of all living things.
Know the factor that limits cells size
The reason for the absence of giant cells is the ratio of the surface area to volume. If the
surface area of a cell increases, the volume does not increase in direct proportion; the
volume increases proportionally faster. Thus, the surface area could not support the
metabolic needs of the increased volume.
prokaryotic cell
lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles such as mitochondria; they are also
much smaller. The cytoplasm is surrounded by a plasma membrane,encased in a
protective cell wall. Archaebacteria and Eubacteria.
Eukaryotic cells
are more structurally complex, are surrounded by plasma and a cell membrane, and are
larger. They have a membrane-bound nucleus and a variety of organelles. Members of
the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
Biological Level of Organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Unicellular
Made of a single cell
Multicellular
Consisting of many cells
Colonial Organism
, Organisms that exist as colonies, or loosely connected groups of cells
Tissues
Groups of cells and their intercellular substances similar in structure and function
Carbohydrates
organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. The
number of carbons varies from three to more than one thousand. This category includes
sugars, starch, and cellulose.
Lipids
diverse organic compounds that include fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids. These
compounds are insoluble in water and soluble in nonpolar compounds, such as ether.
Proteins
the most numerous and complex molecules in living organisms. Proteins provide
support, movement, storage, defense, and regulation. In addition, hormones and
enzymes are proteins.
Benedict's reagent
containing sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, and copper sulfate, is used to identify
reducing sugars. .
(Benedict's reagent) If no reducing sugars are present the solution will be
blue
(Benedict's reagent) if there is a very small amount of reducing sugar the solution
will be
green
