BIOL3200 EXAM 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
prokaryotes v/s eukaryotes
prokaryotes are not divided into compartments by membranes
eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles that separate some
cellular materials and processes from others
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
taxonomy levels
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
2 challenges early taxonomists faced as they attempted to classify microbes
1) resolution of the light microscope was too low
2) microbial species are hard to find
Ernst Haeckel
microbes are neither plant nor animal, rather protist (monera)
herbert copeland
divided monera into two groups based on presence of nucleus or not
1) eukaryotic protists
2) prokaryotic bacteria
eukaryotic protists
,nucleus; protozoa & algae
robert whittaker
added fungi as a fifth kingdom
carl woese studied what
recently discovered prokaryotes that live in hot springs and produce methane
woese grouped what
life to three distinct groups/domains
1) bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukarya
what do all 3 domains of life evolve from
last universal common ancestor - LUCA
domain bacteria characteristics
usually single celled, majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan, ubiquitous (found
everywhere) and some live in extreme environments, major inhabitants of the human
body
domain archaea characteristics
lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, have unique membrane lipids, some have unusual
metabolic characteristics, many live in extreme environments
how are domain archaea distinguished from domain bacteria
domain archaea's unique rRNA sequences
domain eukarya: protist characteristics
,generally larger than bacteria and archaea
two organisms from protists
algae: photosynthetic
protozoa: animal-like metabolism
domain eukarya: fungi characteristics
yeasts, molds and mushrooms
difference between yeast and molds/mushrooms
yeasts are unicellular, while molds/mushrooms are multicellular
who modified the five kingdom system
Lynn Margulis
endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts (eukaryotic cells) likely evolved by endosymbiosis from
prokaryotic cells
chloroplasts & endosymbiotic theory evidence
chloroplast DNA was cyanobacteria DNA
mitochondria & endosymbiotic theory evidence
mitochondrial DNA is most like Typhus bacteria DNA
the DNA is mitochondria which resembles that of proteobacteria
Hydrogenosomes
Analogous to mitochondria; anaerobic endosymbiont in some eukaryotic organisms
jack szostak
, discovered early life was RNA based and explored how cells containing only RNA may
have formed
created conditions in which RNA molecule can serve as template for synthesis of
complementary RNA strand
frederick griffith
discovered transformation in bacteria
griffith experiment
demonstrated the transforming principle, converting non-virulent bacteria into virulent
bacteria by exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria
which strains of bacteria in the griffith experiment did the mouse live and die
heat-killed capsulated strain = mouse lived
heat capsulated strain mixed with nonencapsulated = mouse died
capsulated strain = mouse died
non capsulated strain = mouse lived
capsulated vs nonencapsulated bacteria and mouse life prediction
rough = bacteria does not have a capsule and does not cause mouse to die
smooth = bacteria does have a capsule and mouse dies
Oswald Avery
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
prokaryotes v/s eukaryotes
prokaryotes are not divided into compartments by membranes
eukaryotes have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles that separate some
cellular materials and processes from others
Father of Taxonomy
Carolus Linnaeus
taxonomy levels
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
2 challenges early taxonomists faced as they attempted to classify microbes
1) resolution of the light microscope was too low
2) microbial species are hard to find
Ernst Haeckel
microbes are neither plant nor animal, rather protist (monera)
herbert copeland
divided monera into two groups based on presence of nucleus or not
1) eukaryotic protists
2) prokaryotic bacteria
eukaryotic protists
,nucleus; protozoa & algae
robert whittaker
added fungi as a fifth kingdom
carl woese studied what
recently discovered prokaryotes that live in hot springs and produce methane
woese grouped what
life to three distinct groups/domains
1) bacteria
2) archaea
3) eukarya
what do all 3 domains of life evolve from
last universal common ancestor - LUCA
domain bacteria characteristics
usually single celled, majority have cell wall with peptidoglycan, ubiquitous (found
everywhere) and some live in extreme environments, major inhabitants of the human
body
domain archaea characteristics
lack peptidoglycan in cell walls, have unique membrane lipids, some have unusual
metabolic characteristics, many live in extreme environments
how are domain archaea distinguished from domain bacteria
domain archaea's unique rRNA sequences
domain eukarya: protist characteristics
,generally larger than bacteria and archaea
two organisms from protists
algae: photosynthetic
protozoa: animal-like metabolism
domain eukarya: fungi characteristics
yeasts, molds and mushrooms
difference between yeast and molds/mushrooms
yeasts are unicellular, while molds/mushrooms are multicellular
who modified the five kingdom system
Lynn Margulis
endosymbiotic theory
mitochondria and chloroplasts (eukaryotic cells) likely evolved by endosymbiosis from
prokaryotic cells
chloroplasts & endosymbiotic theory evidence
chloroplast DNA was cyanobacteria DNA
mitochondria & endosymbiotic theory evidence
mitochondrial DNA is most like Typhus bacteria DNA
the DNA is mitochondria which resembles that of proteobacteria
Hydrogenosomes
Analogous to mitochondria; anaerobic endosymbiont in some eukaryotic organisms
jack szostak
, discovered early life was RNA based and explored how cells containing only RNA may
have formed
created conditions in which RNA molecule can serve as template for synthesis of
complementary RNA strand
frederick griffith
discovered transformation in bacteria
griffith experiment
demonstrated the transforming principle, converting non-virulent bacteria into virulent
bacteria by exposure to heat-killed virulent bacteria
which strains of bacteria in the griffith experiment did the mouse live and die
heat-killed capsulated strain = mouse lived
heat capsulated strain mixed with nonencapsulated = mouse died
capsulated strain = mouse died
non capsulated strain = mouse lived
capsulated vs nonencapsulated bacteria and mouse life prediction
rough = bacteria does not have a capsule and does not cause mouse to die
smooth = bacteria does have a capsule and mouse dies
Oswald Avery
