GCU BIO 319: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
prefrontal cortex
ability to think faster, last thing to develop
what can we outwardly control?
skeletal muscle
Change the form
change the function
What is physiology
5 ions
Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg
move down concentration gradient
4 tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (all have RMP)
AP vs RMP
AP = action potential
RMP = resting membrane potential
Homeostasis
a balance in the body's internal environment
Stimuli
what living things respond to
what increases surface area?
branches, flattens, folds
cytology
cellular anatomy
histology
study of tissue
AP vs RMP
Only nervous and muscular have AP. All 4 have RMP
lithotripsy
,sonic waves that break up stones
Visceral vs Parietal
The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity. The visceral layer of the
membrane covers the organs.
ultrasound
sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver (sonogram)
X-ray
electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates
radiograph
X-ray
denser is its, the wider it will appear
suture = joints that do not move
ie 2 cranial bones, 2 immovable bones
made -> looks like -> breaks down -> pharmacology perfect
CO2 and pH relationship
Inversely related
Blood pH up = CO2 down
- Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Angio
vessel
Types:
-Blood
-Lymphatic
ischemia
No oxygen to a region
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
Brain and RBCs in trouble b/c it runs on glucosis
RBC's don't have mitochondria; go through glycolysis (break sugar) to make ATP
interstitium
space between cells containing interstitial fluid
- interstition: gap between cells
Apoptosis
, programmed cell death
- apoptosis of limb buds to digits so you don't have webbed hands
effects of aging on tissues
1. Cells divide more SLOWLY (irony of cancers in elders)
2. Rate of blood cell synthesis goes DOWN
3. Collagen fibers become more IRREGULAR; increase in number; tendons/ ligaments become less
flexible and more fragile
4. Elastic fibers become LESS elastic
5. Changes in collagen and elastin =
- Arterial walls/elastic ligaments become less elastic
- atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
- Wrinkling of skin (hyaluronic acid)
-Increased tendency for bones to break
synovial membrane
- lines freely moveable joints
- very slippery
- produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid to help to maintain high fluid viscosity and normal integrity of the
joint by reducing inflammation and preserving the normal cartilaginous matrix.
TMJ
Type of joint: hinge, ball and socket, synovial
- jaw moves OUT of socket during normal function
- Lee's x-ray
"clast - blast - cyte"
-clast: breaks matrix
-blast: building matric
-cyte: cell that maintains matrix
Bone Remodeling and Hormones (4)
1. Calcitonin
2. PTH Parathyroid Hormone
3. Calcitriol
4. Estrogen
Calcitonin
- Thyroid C-cells
- DECREASES blood Ca+
- INHIBITS osteoclasts
-INHIBITS renal/GI from making Ca+ (need them to calm down!!)
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
prefrontal cortex
ability to think faster, last thing to develop
what can we outwardly control?
skeletal muscle
Change the form
change the function
What is physiology
5 ions
Na, K, Ca, Cl, Mg
move down concentration gradient
4 tissue types
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous (all have RMP)
AP vs RMP
AP = action potential
RMP = resting membrane potential
Homeostasis
a balance in the body's internal environment
Stimuli
what living things respond to
what increases surface area?
branches, flattens, folds
cytology
cellular anatomy
histology
study of tissue
AP vs RMP
Only nervous and muscular have AP. All 4 have RMP
lithotripsy
,sonic waves that break up stones
Visceral vs Parietal
The parietal layers of the membranes line the walls of the body cavity. The visceral layer of the
membrane covers the organs.
ultrasound
sound waves pass into body and bounce back to receiver (sonogram)
X-ray
electromagnetic radiation moves through body and is exposed on photographic plate; creates
radiograph
X-ray
denser is its, the wider it will appear
suture = joints that do not move
ie 2 cranial bones, 2 immovable bones
made -> looks like -> breaks down -> pharmacology perfect
CO2 and pH relationship
Inversely related
Blood pH up = CO2 down
- Consists of the lungs and respiratory passages
Angio
vessel
Types:
-Blood
-Lymphatic
ischemia
No oxygen to a region
Hypoglycemia
low blood sugar
Brain and RBCs in trouble b/c it runs on glucosis
RBC's don't have mitochondria; go through glycolysis (break sugar) to make ATP
interstitium
space between cells containing interstitial fluid
- interstition: gap between cells
Apoptosis
, programmed cell death
- apoptosis of limb buds to digits so you don't have webbed hands
effects of aging on tissues
1. Cells divide more SLOWLY (irony of cancers in elders)
2. Rate of blood cell synthesis goes DOWN
3. Collagen fibers become more IRREGULAR; increase in number; tendons/ ligaments become less
flexible and more fragile
4. Elastic fibers become LESS elastic
5. Changes in collagen and elastin =
- Arterial walls/elastic ligaments become less elastic
- atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
- Wrinkling of skin (hyaluronic acid)
-Increased tendency for bones to break
synovial membrane
- lines freely moveable joints
- very slippery
- produce fluid rich in hyaluronic acid to help to maintain high fluid viscosity and normal integrity of the
joint by reducing inflammation and preserving the normal cartilaginous matrix.
TMJ
Type of joint: hinge, ball and socket, synovial
- jaw moves OUT of socket during normal function
- Lee's x-ray
"clast - blast - cyte"
-clast: breaks matrix
-blast: building matric
-cyte: cell that maintains matrix
Bone Remodeling and Hormones (4)
1. Calcitonin
2. PTH Parathyroid Hormone
3. Calcitriol
4. Estrogen
Calcitonin
- Thyroid C-cells
- DECREASES blood Ca+
- INHIBITS osteoclasts
-INHIBITS renal/GI from making Ca+ (need them to calm down!!)
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
