GCU BIO 319: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
long bone
femur
longer than are wide
have diaphysis and epiphysis
short bones
carpals and tarsals
tend to be boxy
flat bones
ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae
long but very flat, no epiphysis
irregular bones
vertebrae, facial, sphenoid
sesamoid bones
sesame seed shaped
patella
develop within ligaments
medullary cavity
-large cavity within the diaphysis
filled with marrow (red marrow in juveniles, yellow in adults)
yellow marrow made of adipose tissue
central core cavity of bone
red marrow is seed bed for
ALL blood cells, not just red
when stop growing, most of red marrow replaced by yellow marrow
epiphysis
-end of long bone
-ring of compact bone around outside but bulk is made of spongy bone
part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from diaphysis; more than
one epiphysis exists in the arm, forearm, leg, and thigh bones; feet and hands have one
epiphysis each. Makes up the end of many long bones
,diaphysis
shaft of bone
mostly compact (cortical bone) but has spongy bone lining medullary cavity
epiphyseal line
marks where epiphyseal plate was
-where epiphyseal plate ossifies when bone stops growing (epiphysis fuses with diaphysis)
epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous disk made of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
-where long bone growth is instigated
spongy bone
trabecular bone, cancellous bone, woven bone
-internal layer of skeletal bone, has small spaces (porous)
-gives weight bearing strength
-filled with trabecullae (irregular lamellae with osteocytes and lacunae), blood vessels, red
marrow
-found in epiphyses, always in flat or irregular bones
-interconnecting rods (beams or struts) oriented along stress lines
in live bone, air space in spongy bone is filled with
red bone marrow
compact bone
-dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye, dense bones found
with a few internal spaces organized into osteons, osteocytes live in the lacunae between
lamellae and are connected through the canaliculi that actively maintain the matrix, largely
made up of osteons, mass is made up of dead cells
-Found in the outer layer of all bone types, forms the diaphyses and covers the spongy bone of
the epiphyses; it's almost always found on the outer portion of the bone
Also known as: cortical bone, refers to the cortex (outer bark), made of circumferential
lamellae, wrap the entire bone, makes outer surface smooth rather than bumpy
Has more matrix and is denser with fewer pores than spongy bone
endosteum
thin connective tissue membrane lining the central canals of bone
Contain blood vessels, nerves and loose connective tissue
periosteum
, double-layer connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bone EXCEPT where
articular cartilage is present; ligaments and tendons attach to bone here, blood vessels and
nerves from the periosteum supply the bone, blood vessels penetrate into the bone in order to
exchange red blood cells, the periosteum is where the bone grows in diameter (appositional
growth); is only found on live bone; a seed bed for the osteoblasts
trabeculae
: interconnective rods/plates/struts found in spongy bone oriented along stress lines, trabecular
structure is a static structure but can thicken over time as more weight/stress are place on it.
Covered with endosteum - between trabeculae spaces is filled with bone marrow and blood
vessels
cancellous bone
spongy bone
diploe
the spongy layer between the inner and outer compact layers of the flat bones of the skull
woven bone
first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification, fairly weak, collagen fibers oriented
randomly (also another name for spongy bone)
3 reasons why periosteum is so important for living bone
1. scaffolding for blood vessels and nerves to crawl close to bone and in certain locations
perforate bone through Volkmann's canal or Haversian canal
-bruised bone=torn periosteum; very painful because lots of nerves
2. seed bed for osteoblasts to be born here and take up residence at interface between
periosteum and bone to add more outer bone to what is already existing to thicken bone
through appositional growth
3. Make important attachments of ligaments(bone to bone) and tendons(muscle to bone) for
bone- need connective tissue going (ligament/tendon) but don't directly link to bone; instead
link to periosteum that is welded into bone
"skin of bone" is periosteum noticed in bigger bones
Is there a difference in the presence of tissue in the medullary cavities of long bones in
juveniles vs. adults? Explain.
once growth stops, red marrow is replaced with yellow
function of yellow marrow
made of fat (adipose), energy source
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
long bone
femur
longer than are wide
have diaphysis and epiphysis
short bones
carpals and tarsals
tend to be boxy
flat bones
ribs, sternum, skull, scapulae
long but very flat, no epiphysis
irregular bones
vertebrae, facial, sphenoid
sesamoid bones
sesame seed shaped
patella
develop within ligaments
medullary cavity
-large cavity within the diaphysis
filled with marrow (red marrow in juveniles, yellow in adults)
yellow marrow made of adipose tissue
central core cavity of bone
red marrow is seed bed for
ALL blood cells, not just red
when stop growing, most of red marrow replaced by yellow marrow
epiphysis
-end of long bone
-ring of compact bone around outside but bulk is made of spongy bone
part of the bone that develops from a center of ossification distinct from diaphysis; more than
one epiphysis exists in the arm, forearm, leg, and thigh bones; feet and hands have one
epiphysis each. Makes up the end of many long bones
,diaphysis
shaft of bone
mostly compact (cortical bone) but has spongy bone lining medullary cavity
epiphyseal line
marks where epiphyseal plate was
-where epiphyseal plate ossifies when bone stops growing (epiphysis fuses with diaphysis)
epiphyseal plate
cartilaginous disk made of hyaline cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
-where long bone growth is instigated
spongy bone
trabecular bone, cancellous bone, woven bone
-internal layer of skeletal bone, has small spaces (porous)
-gives weight bearing strength
-filled with trabecullae (irregular lamellae with osteocytes and lacunae), blood vessels, red
marrow
-found in epiphyses, always in flat or irregular bones
-interconnecting rods (beams or struts) oriented along stress lines
in live bone, air space in spongy bone is filled with
red bone marrow
compact bone
-dense outer layer of bone that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye, dense bones found
with a few internal spaces organized into osteons, osteocytes live in the lacunae between
lamellae and are connected through the canaliculi that actively maintain the matrix, largely
made up of osteons, mass is made up of dead cells
-Found in the outer layer of all bone types, forms the diaphyses and covers the spongy bone of
the epiphyses; it's almost always found on the outer portion of the bone
Also known as: cortical bone, refers to the cortex (outer bark), made of circumferential
lamellae, wrap the entire bone, makes outer surface smooth rather than bumpy
Has more matrix and is denser with fewer pores than spongy bone
endosteum
thin connective tissue membrane lining the central canals of bone
Contain blood vessels, nerves and loose connective tissue
periosteum
, double-layer connective tissue membrane covering the outer surface of bone EXCEPT where
articular cartilage is present; ligaments and tendons attach to bone here, blood vessels and
nerves from the periosteum supply the bone, blood vessels penetrate into the bone in order to
exchange red blood cells, the periosteum is where the bone grows in diameter (appositional
growth); is only found on live bone; a seed bed for the osteoblasts
trabeculae
: interconnective rods/plates/struts found in spongy bone oriented along stress lines, trabecular
structure is a static structure but can thicken over time as more weight/stress are place on it.
Covered with endosteum - between trabeculae spaces is filled with bone marrow and blood
vessels
cancellous bone
spongy bone
diploe
the spongy layer between the inner and outer compact layers of the flat bones of the skull
woven bone
first type of bone that osteoblasts form during ossification, fairly weak, collagen fibers oriented
randomly (also another name for spongy bone)
3 reasons why periosteum is so important for living bone
1. scaffolding for blood vessels and nerves to crawl close to bone and in certain locations
perforate bone through Volkmann's canal or Haversian canal
-bruised bone=torn periosteum; very painful because lots of nerves
2. seed bed for osteoblasts to be born here and take up residence at interface between
periosteum and bone to add more outer bone to what is already existing to thicken bone
through appositional growth
3. Make important attachments of ligaments(bone to bone) and tendons(muscle to bone) for
bone- need connective tissue going (ligament/tendon) but don't directly link to bone; instead
link to periosteum that is welded into bone
"skin of bone" is periosteum noticed in bigger bones
Is there a difference in the presence of tissue in the medullary cavities of long bones in
juveniles vs. adults? Explain.
once growth stops, red marrow is replaced with yellow
function of yellow marrow
made of fat (adipose), energy source
