GCU BIO 319: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
long term autoimmune disorder that primarily effects joints.
Describe the role of dendritic cells, lymphocyte cells (T and B), antibodies, and macrophages in
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Antibodies are meant to attacks foreign bodies, however they may begin to attack us. When this
happens a macrophage response is initiated. Dendritic cells are a special type of macrophage that will
eat away at the synovial fluid and membrane of the joint. This compromises the Hyaluronic acid of the
synovial membrane. Other macrophages will release two major types of lymphocytes: T and B cells.
Differentiated B lymphocytes
A plasma cell that make antibodies... antibodies attacks us... macrophages come in with dendritic cells..
rheumatoid arthritis.
Portal System
blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart
Simple definition for rheumatoid arthritis
Progressive thinning of hyaline cartilage
Impingment
bone on bone
Oteophytes
Bone outgrowth. Exacerbation of an impingement
Skin Tags
The result of friction like arthritis, but they cause no trouble
Hormones
idk yet
What is gout?
Deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid into joint.
Explain how gout happens
The kidneys clear urea from urine. If there is too much urea, the kidney cannot clear it and then it begin
to crystalize in the body. Same concept for Diabetes. Body cant clear blood sugar... blood circulation gets
blocked off... amputation.
, List all the functions of Skeletal Muscle
1. Movement
2. Posture
3. Joint Stability
4. Thermogenesis
5. Source of Nutrition?
What is the most prevalent Amino Acid in higher vertabrates?
Glutamate
Characteristics of muscle cell fiber
1. Excitability
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elastic
5. Generates Heat
Type 1 muscle fibers
Slow oxidative o2. (SO) fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. They
produce low power contractions over long periods of time and are slow to fatigue. Ex. Marathon
runners.
Ph issues and fatigue with Type 1 muscle fibers
Pyruvic acid turns into Lactic Acid because we are out of oxygen. The pH falls and the muscle burns.
Type 2 B
Fast glycolytic fibers have contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. The FG fiber's fatigue
more quickly than others: SPRINTERS!
Be able to label a muscle structure
Slide 10
Know this order from largest to smallest
Tendon, Muscle fascicles, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments
Do actin and myosin or the A band shorten when the muscle contracts
NO!!! The H band, I band, and sarcomere will shorten.
The four steps of the muscle contractile cycle:
1. Ca is released form the sarcoplasmic reticulum and troponin binds the free Ca. The troponin complex
"moves" exposing myosin head binding sites on actin. Cross bridge formation (myosin heads bind to
actin)
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
What is Rheumatoid arthritis?
long term autoimmune disorder that primarily effects joints.
Describe the role of dendritic cells, lymphocyte cells (T and B), antibodies, and macrophages in
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Antibodies are meant to attacks foreign bodies, however they may begin to attack us. When this
happens a macrophage response is initiated. Dendritic cells are a special type of macrophage that will
eat away at the synovial fluid and membrane of the joint. This compromises the Hyaluronic acid of the
synovial membrane. Other macrophages will release two major types of lymphocytes: T and B cells.
Differentiated B lymphocytes
A plasma cell that make antibodies... antibodies attacks us... macrophages come in with dendritic cells..
rheumatoid arthritis.
Portal System
blood flows through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart
Simple definition for rheumatoid arthritis
Progressive thinning of hyaline cartilage
Impingment
bone on bone
Oteophytes
Bone outgrowth. Exacerbation of an impingement
Skin Tags
The result of friction like arthritis, but they cause no trouble
Hormones
idk yet
What is gout?
Deposition of needle-like crystals of uric acid into joint.
Explain how gout happens
The kidneys clear urea from urine. If there is too much urea, the kidney cannot clear it and then it begin
to crystalize in the body. Same concept for Diabetes. Body cant clear blood sugar... blood circulation gets
blocked off... amputation.
, List all the functions of Skeletal Muscle
1. Movement
2. Posture
3. Joint Stability
4. Thermogenesis
5. Source of Nutrition?
What is the most prevalent Amino Acid in higher vertabrates?
Glutamate
Characteristics of muscle cell fiber
1. Excitability
2. Contractility
3. Extensibility
4. Elastic
5. Generates Heat
Type 1 muscle fibers
Slow oxidative o2. (SO) fibers contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration to produce ATP. They
produce low power contractions over long periods of time and are slow to fatigue. Ex. Marathon
runners.
Ph issues and fatigue with Type 1 muscle fibers
Pyruvic acid turns into Lactic Acid because we are out of oxygen. The pH falls and the muscle burns.
Type 2 B
Fast glycolytic fibers have contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis. The FG fiber's fatigue
more quickly than others: SPRINTERS!
Be able to label a muscle structure
Slide 10
Know this order from largest to smallest
Tendon, Muscle fascicles, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments
Do actin and myosin or the A band shorten when the muscle contracts
NO!!! The H band, I band, and sarcomere will shorten.
The four steps of the muscle contractile cycle:
1. Ca is released form the sarcoplasmic reticulum and troponin binds the free Ca. The troponin complex
"moves" exposing myosin head binding sites on actin. Cross bridge formation (myosin heads bind to
actin)
