GCU BIO 319: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
What are the 5 major characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal pouches and slits
4. Post-anal tail
5. Endostyle
What kind of circulatory system does Phylum Chordata have?
Closed with ventral heart and dorsal and ventral blood vessels
What allows Chordates to move?
Notochord
What does the single, dorsal, tubular nerve cord do?
The anterior end of the cord is usually enlarged to form a brain
At some point in a Chordates life, they will have the 5 major characteristics.
How are pharyngeal pouches formed?
Formed via inpocketing of outside ectoderm and evagination of the pharynx endoderm; in
aquatic organisms, they develop into slits
What does the endostyle do?
Secretes iodinated proteins
What groups are included in Phylum Chordata?
1. Protochordata (Acraniata)
2. Craniata
What is the main characteristic of Group Protochordata (Acraniata)?
They do not have a cranium/skull
What is the main characteristic of Group Craniata?
They have a cranium
What were the first Chordates?
Group Protochordata (Acraniata)
, What are the 2 subphyla included in Group Protochordata (Acraniata)?
1. Urochordata
2. Cephalochordata
What organisms are included in Subphylum Urochordata?
Tunicates and sea squirts
What organisms are included in Subphylum Cephalochordata?
Lancelets
What organisms are included in Group Craniata?
Vertebrates
What subphylum is included in Group Craniata?
Subphylum Vertebrata
What are the 8 classes included in Subphylum Vertebrata?
1. Class Myxini (hagfish)
2. Class Petromyzontida (lampreys)
3. Class Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays)
4. Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
5. Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
6. Class Amphibia (amphibians)
7. Class Reptilia (reptiles)
8. Class Mammalia (mammals)
What kind of circulatory system does Subphylum Vertebrata have?
Closed with 2, 3, or 4 chambered hearts
What are the 3 types of kidneys in Vertebrates?
1. Pronephritic
2. Mesonephritic
3. Metanephritic
Pronephritic kidney:
Single nephron, not attached directly to glomerulus; functional kidney of adult hagfish
Mesonephritic kidney:
Functional kidney of sharks and bony fishes and amphibians; 10-15 nephrons
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
What are the 5 major characteristics of Phylum Chordata?
1. Notochord
2. Dorsal tubular nerve cord
3. Pharyngeal pouches and slits
4. Post-anal tail
5. Endostyle
What kind of circulatory system does Phylum Chordata have?
Closed with ventral heart and dorsal and ventral blood vessels
What allows Chordates to move?
Notochord
What does the single, dorsal, tubular nerve cord do?
The anterior end of the cord is usually enlarged to form a brain
At some point in a Chordates life, they will have the 5 major characteristics.
How are pharyngeal pouches formed?
Formed via inpocketing of outside ectoderm and evagination of the pharynx endoderm; in
aquatic organisms, they develop into slits
What does the endostyle do?
Secretes iodinated proteins
What groups are included in Phylum Chordata?
1. Protochordata (Acraniata)
2. Craniata
What is the main characteristic of Group Protochordata (Acraniata)?
They do not have a cranium/skull
What is the main characteristic of Group Craniata?
They have a cranium
What were the first Chordates?
Group Protochordata (Acraniata)
, What are the 2 subphyla included in Group Protochordata (Acraniata)?
1. Urochordata
2. Cephalochordata
What organisms are included in Subphylum Urochordata?
Tunicates and sea squirts
What organisms are included in Subphylum Cephalochordata?
Lancelets
What organisms are included in Group Craniata?
Vertebrates
What subphylum is included in Group Craniata?
Subphylum Vertebrata
What are the 8 classes included in Subphylum Vertebrata?
1. Class Myxini (hagfish)
2. Class Petromyzontida (lampreys)
3. Class Chondrichthyes (sharks and rays)
4. Class Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish)
5. Class Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish)
6. Class Amphibia (amphibians)
7. Class Reptilia (reptiles)
8. Class Mammalia (mammals)
What kind of circulatory system does Subphylum Vertebrata have?
Closed with 2, 3, or 4 chambered hearts
What are the 3 types of kidneys in Vertebrates?
1. Pronephritic
2. Mesonephritic
3. Metanephritic
Pronephritic kidney:
Single nephron, not attached directly to glomerulus; functional kidney of adult hagfish
Mesonephritic kidney:
Functional kidney of sharks and bony fishes and amphibians; 10-15 nephrons
