GCU BIO 319: LATEST A+ QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
Examples of biopesticides
Microorganisms, semiochemicals, and plant extracts
Examples of biological control agents (BCAs)
Invertebrates and microbials
What are the 3 classes of biopesticides?
Biochemical, microbial and PIPs
What are the advantages of biopesticides compared to conventional pesticides?
- Less toxic
- Only affect target pest
- Effective in small quantities
- Decompose quickly so avoid pollution
- Quick to register (1 year compared to 3)
How does the HSE ensure pesticides do not harm human health/the environment?
- Enforce regulations
- Ensure only authorised products are marketed
- Ensure products are sustainably used
- Monitor the impacts of chemicals
Drivers of biopesticide development
- Demand for safe, pesticide free food
- Popularity of organic products
- Low R&D costs
- Easier to register
Restraints to biopesticide development
- High target specificity - narrow host range
- Lower shelf life
- High product cost
- Less product availability
3 types of invertebrate pests?
Molluscs (snails + slugs), nematodes, arthropods
, What % of world grain crops is lost each year during storage due to pests?
25-33%
What are the main impacts of invertebrate pests?
- Damage agricultural crops
- Damage/contaminate harvested produce
- Debilitate/kill livestock
- Vector for human diseases
- Socio-economic impact
3 types of insect pests + examples?
Key (thrips), occasional (locusts), and secondary (wireworm)
Why is it necessary to know the pest's life cycle, damage and timing of damage?
- Establish best time to control the pest
- Establish best control agent/strategy
- Reduce input of harmful chemical pesticides
- Avoid injury to crop
- Avoid injury to non-target organisms
How many endangered species globally are at risk due to invasive species?
80%
How are chemical pesticides classified?
Mode of entry, mode of action and chemical structure
Advantages of chemical pesticides?
Economy + employment, relatively inexpensive, increases yields, effective, saves live (vectors),
increase produce quality
Disadvantages of chemical pesticides
Harmful to animal + human health, kills pollinators, often kills pests natural enemies, damages
environment, may cause secondary pest outbreak, insecticide resistance
What increases insecticide resistance?
Frequent use/prolonged exposure, multivoltine species,
Consequences of insecticide resistance
Human mortality, crop failure, cosmetic damage, loss of income, nuisance, need new products
GUIDE FOR ULTIMATE SUCCESS
Examples of biopesticides
Microorganisms, semiochemicals, and plant extracts
Examples of biological control agents (BCAs)
Invertebrates and microbials
What are the 3 classes of biopesticides?
Biochemical, microbial and PIPs
What are the advantages of biopesticides compared to conventional pesticides?
- Less toxic
- Only affect target pest
- Effective in small quantities
- Decompose quickly so avoid pollution
- Quick to register (1 year compared to 3)
How does the HSE ensure pesticides do not harm human health/the environment?
- Enforce regulations
- Ensure only authorised products are marketed
- Ensure products are sustainably used
- Monitor the impacts of chemicals
Drivers of biopesticide development
- Demand for safe, pesticide free food
- Popularity of organic products
- Low R&D costs
- Easier to register
Restraints to biopesticide development
- High target specificity - narrow host range
- Lower shelf life
- High product cost
- Less product availability
3 types of invertebrate pests?
Molluscs (snails + slugs), nematodes, arthropods
, What % of world grain crops is lost each year during storage due to pests?
25-33%
What are the main impacts of invertebrate pests?
- Damage agricultural crops
- Damage/contaminate harvested produce
- Debilitate/kill livestock
- Vector for human diseases
- Socio-economic impact
3 types of insect pests + examples?
Key (thrips), occasional (locusts), and secondary (wireworm)
Why is it necessary to know the pest's life cycle, damage and timing of damage?
- Establish best time to control the pest
- Establish best control agent/strategy
- Reduce input of harmful chemical pesticides
- Avoid injury to crop
- Avoid injury to non-target organisms
How many endangered species globally are at risk due to invasive species?
80%
How are chemical pesticides classified?
Mode of entry, mode of action and chemical structure
Advantages of chemical pesticides?
Economy + employment, relatively inexpensive, increases yields, effective, saves live (vectors),
increase produce quality
Disadvantages of chemical pesticides
Harmful to animal + human health, kills pollinators, often kills pests natural enemies, damages
environment, may cause secondary pest outbreak, insecticide resistance
What increases insecticide resistance?
Frequent use/prolonged exposure, multivoltine species,
Consequences of insecticide resistance
Human mortality, crop failure, cosmetic damage, loss of income, nuisance, need new products
