BIOL 1201 EXAMS: LATEST A+ GUIDE WITH ESSENTIAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Johann Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
the blending theory of heredity
Inheritance is a mix of the mother's and father's traits, offspring end up with an intermediate
characteristic
the particulate theory of heredity
theory that parents transmit to their offspring inheritable factors (genes) that remain separate
factors from generation to generation (replaced the blending theory of heredity)
garden peas
Mendel's test subjects; easy to grow a lot quickly, many different characters and traits
characters
detectable inheritable features of an organism
traits
variants of an inheritable character
phenotypic ratio
the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross
true-breeding plant
a plant that will always produce offspring with the same form of a trait when it self-pollinates
hybridized
Cross-pollinated or cross-bred.
P generation
true-breeding parents
F1 generation
hybrid offspring of the P generation
F2 generation
Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
, The law of segregation
states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at
fertilization.
The law of independent assortment
Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete
formation
alleles
Different forms of a gene that occupy a specific position (locus) on a specific chromosome
Mendel's monohybrid cross
proved blending inheritance model wrong, traits passed on as discrete units, suggested that
some "units" could be "masked" by other units (dominance and recessiveness)
Dominant Trait/Allele
the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred
Recessive Trait/Allele
A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when
parents with different traits are bred
Mendel's four part model
1. Alternative forms of genes are responsible for variations in inherited
characters.
2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each
parent.
3. If the two alleles differ, one is fully expressed (dominant allele); the
other is completely masked (recessive allele).
4. The two alleles for each character trait segregate during gamete
production.
Punnet Square
diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic
cross
homozygous
PP
heterozygous
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Johann Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
the blending theory of heredity
Inheritance is a mix of the mother's and father's traits, offspring end up with an intermediate
characteristic
the particulate theory of heredity
theory that parents transmit to their offspring inheritable factors (genes) that remain separate
factors from generation to generation (replaced the blending theory of heredity)
garden peas
Mendel's test subjects; easy to grow a lot quickly, many different characters and traits
characters
detectable inheritable features of an organism
traits
variants of an inheritable character
phenotypic ratio
the ratio of phenotypes produced by a cross
true-breeding plant
a plant that will always produce offspring with the same form of a trait when it self-pollinates
hybridized
Cross-pollinated or cross-bred.
P generation
true-breeding parents
F1 generation
hybrid offspring of the P generation
F2 generation
Offspring resulting from interbreeding of the hybrid F1 generation.
, The law of segregation
states that allele pairs separate or segregate during gamete formation, and randomly unite at
fertilization.
The law of independent assortment
Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate from one another during gamete
formation
alleles
Different forms of a gene that occupy a specific position (locus) on a specific chromosome
Mendel's monohybrid cross
proved blending inheritance model wrong, traits passed on as discrete units, suggested that
some "units" could be "masked" by other units (dominance and recessiveness)
Dominant Trait/Allele
the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred
Recessive Trait/Allele
A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when
parents with different traits are bred
Mendel's four part model
1. Alternative forms of genes are responsible for variations in inherited
characters.
2. For each character, an organism inherits two alleles, one from each
parent.
3. If the two alleles differ, one is fully expressed (dominant allele); the
other is completely masked (recessive allele).
4. The two alleles for each character trait segregate during gamete
production.
Punnet Square
diagram that can be used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic
cross
homozygous
PP
heterozygous
