MED 118: FINAL EXAM. AN ULTIMATE A+ QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS BREAKDOWN
Allergy
occurs when a person develops antibodies against a specific drug. When the drug is
taken, the antibodies attack the antigens from the drug. Tissues are damaged during
this process, and histamines are released. Histamines cause the allergic reactions
Anaphylaxis
Extreme hypersensitivity to a specific drug (antigen) can cause life-threatening
symptoms, including swelling of the mouth and airway, difficulty breathing (dyspnea),
wheezing, loss of consciousness, and death
Idiosyncrasy
A peculiar response to a certain drug. For instance, Benadryl causes drowsiness.
However, when it is given to children, they often get extremely agitated.
Cumulative effect
For medications taken routinely, often the prior dose is not completely metabolized and
excreted before the next dose is given. This can lead to a buildup of medication or by
products that can produce toxic effects.
Toxicity
The harmful and possibly deadly effects of a medication that can develop due to the
buildup of medication or by-products in the body. People with liver or kidney disease,
young children, older adults, and those who overdose are at risk for toxicity.
Drug interactions
When two or more drugs are taken, sometimes a drug-drug interaction can occur. The
interactions can be helpful or harmful
Antagonsim interaction
one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug.
Synergism interaction
the combined effect of two drugs used together is greater than the sum of each drug's
effect
Potentiation interaction
,a type of synergism; one drug increases the effect of the second drug
Tolerance
the need for a larger dose to get the same therapeutic or desired effect. Tolerance can
be seen when narcotic pain medications are taken with anticonvulsants
Drug dependence
Strong psychological and physical need to take a certain drug. Withdrawal symptoms
can be experienced when a person stops using a drug. Drug dependence can occur
with or without addiction
Adverse reactions or events
life-threatening and may cause disability or birth defects
Side effects
Unpleasant effects of a drug in addition to the desired or therapeutic effect. Can be
harmless or may cause injury
Prescribe
to order medication as a treatment for a condition
Administer
to give a prescribed dose of medication to a patient
Dispense
to give a supply of medication that the patient will take later
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Enforced by the FDA. Requires new drugs must be proven safe before marketing
FDA
Food and Drug Administration; federal agency in the Department of Health and Human
Services; FDA is responsible for the safety, effectiveness security, and quality of drugs
cosmetics and food
FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
computerized database that helps the FDA monitor drugs. It contains reports of adverse
events reported to the FDA
Controlled Substances Act
enforced by the DEA; controlled substances are divided into five schedules from
greatest to least abuse potential
, DEA
Drug enforcement agency; oversees the manufacturing, importation, possession, use,
and distribution of legal (or prescription) controlled substances. The DEA also handles
illegal controlled substances, which cannot be legally manufactured, purchased, or sold
in the US
Schedule I
highest potential for abuse; drugs with no currently accepted medical use
Heroin, lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD), ecstasy
Schedule II
high level of abuse; can lead to severe dependence
hydromorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, codeine, morpine, methamphetamine,
dextroamphetamine/amphetamine
Schedule III
moderate to low physical dependence or high physiological dependence
acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroics
Schedule IV
Low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III
clonazepam, diazepam, alprazolam
Schedule V
Lowest potential for abuse
Robitussin AC
Analgesic
relieves pain
Anesthetic
produces local or general anesthesia
Antacid
neutralizes stomach acid
Anti-Alzheimers
treats dementia due to Alzheimer's disease
Antianxiety
reduces anxiety and tension
AND ANSWERS BREAKDOWN
Allergy
occurs when a person develops antibodies against a specific drug. When the drug is
taken, the antibodies attack the antigens from the drug. Tissues are damaged during
this process, and histamines are released. Histamines cause the allergic reactions
Anaphylaxis
Extreme hypersensitivity to a specific drug (antigen) can cause life-threatening
symptoms, including swelling of the mouth and airway, difficulty breathing (dyspnea),
wheezing, loss of consciousness, and death
Idiosyncrasy
A peculiar response to a certain drug. For instance, Benadryl causes drowsiness.
However, when it is given to children, they often get extremely agitated.
Cumulative effect
For medications taken routinely, often the prior dose is not completely metabolized and
excreted before the next dose is given. This can lead to a buildup of medication or by
products that can produce toxic effects.
Toxicity
The harmful and possibly deadly effects of a medication that can develop due to the
buildup of medication or by-products in the body. People with liver or kidney disease,
young children, older adults, and those who overdose are at risk for toxicity.
Drug interactions
When two or more drugs are taken, sometimes a drug-drug interaction can occur. The
interactions can be helpful or harmful
Antagonsim interaction
one drug reduces or blocks the effect of another drug.
Synergism interaction
the combined effect of two drugs used together is greater than the sum of each drug's
effect
Potentiation interaction
,a type of synergism; one drug increases the effect of the second drug
Tolerance
the need for a larger dose to get the same therapeutic or desired effect. Tolerance can
be seen when narcotic pain medications are taken with anticonvulsants
Drug dependence
Strong psychological and physical need to take a certain drug. Withdrawal symptoms
can be experienced when a person stops using a drug. Drug dependence can occur
with or without addiction
Adverse reactions or events
life-threatening and may cause disability or birth defects
Side effects
Unpleasant effects of a drug in addition to the desired or therapeutic effect. Can be
harmless or may cause injury
Prescribe
to order medication as a treatment for a condition
Administer
to give a prescribed dose of medication to a patient
Dispense
to give a supply of medication that the patient will take later
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938
Enforced by the FDA. Requires new drugs must be proven safe before marketing
FDA
Food and Drug Administration; federal agency in the Department of Health and Human
Services; FDA is responsible for the safety, effectiveness security, and quality of drugs
cosmetics and food
FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
computerized database that helps the FDA monitor drugs. It contains reports of adverse
events reported to the FDA
Controlled Substances Act
enforced by the DEA; controlled substances are divided into five schedules from
greatest to least abuse potential
, DEA
Drug enforcement agency; oversees the manufacturing, importation, possession, use,
and distribution of legal (or prescription) controlled substances. The DEA also handles
illegal controlled substances, which cannot be legally manufactured, purchased, or sold
in the US
Schedule I
highest potential for abuse; drugs with no currently accepted medical use
Heroin, lysergic acid diethyl amide (LSD), ecstasy
Schedule II
high level of abuse; can lead to severe dependence
hydromorphone, oxycodone, fentanyl, codeine, morpine, methamphetamine,
dextroamphetamine/amphetamine
Schedule III
moderate to low physical dependence or high physiological dependence
acetaminophen with codeine, ketamine, anabolic steroics
Schedule IV
Low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III
clonazepam, diazepam, alprazolam
Schedule V
Lowest potential for abuse
Robitussin AC
Analgesic
relieves pain
Anesthetic
produces local or general anesthesia
Antacid
neutralizes stomach acid
Anti-Alzheimers
treats dementia due to Alzheimer's disease
Antianxiety
reduces anxiety and tension
