CMY 3706 CHAPTER 1-4 Questions and
Answers (Latest 2025) 194 Questions and
Correct Answers.
Kidnapping is a diverse and evolving phenomenon that is especially prevalent in
Third World countries with high levels of crime.
>>> These countries are generally poorly resourced and have inadequately trained police personnel,
corrupt public officials, ineffective intelligence services, a weak judiciary and a history of political or
social instability and conflict
Noor-Mohammed (2014 in Van Heerden, 2017) is of the opinion that when career kidnapping for
ransom incidents occurs
various definitional issues can cause challenges for the criminal justice system, resulting in
confusion, since kidnapping incidences can span multiple jurisdictions
In American law, kidnapping is defined as
"the taking of a person against his/her will, or decision through violence, force, threat or
intimidation".
British law defines kidnapping as
"the nature of the offence is an attack on, and infringement of, the personal liberty of an individual"
British law contains four criteria
• the taking away or carrying away of one person by another
• by force or by fraud
• without the consent of the person so taken or carried away
• without lawful excuse
South African common law defines kidnapping as follows:
"it consists in unlawfully and intentionally depriving a person of his or her freedom of movement
and/or, if such a person is a child, the custodians of their control over the child"
kidnapping can include a broad range of actions that can be associated with other criminal acts, such
as
hijacking or robbery
Kidnapping for ransom is associated with instances where
the offender seeks money or a specific action as an outcome, such as debt recovery, propaganda,
revenge or sexual purposes
Phillips (in Van Heerden, 2017) defines kidnapping for ransom as
the "taking and holding of a person in an unknown location for the intention of seeking some form of
concession, regardless of whether a monetary, political, social (ransom) demand is sought after"
,Aspects that are of importance from the definitions of kidnapping are
the deprivation of a person's freedom for a certain unknown period until some sort of compensation
is agreed upon between the perpetrators and the victim's family, after which the kidnapped hostage
will be released.
American law defines extortion as
a crime obtaining money or property by threat to a victim's property or loved ones, intimidation or
false claim of a right.
In British law, extortion is defined as
the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats.
South African law defines extortion as being when
a person unlawfully and intentionally obtains some advantage, which may be of either a patrimonial
or a
non-patrimonial nature, from another by subjecting the latter to pressure which induces him/her to
hand over the advantage.
According to Mastrosimone (in Van Heerden, 2017), patrimonial damage relates to
financial loss or "something that can be converted into or expressed in terms of money or economic
value".
Non patrimonial damage
when an intentional or negligent act causes personal injury or "as something that cannot be related
to a person's financial estate, but compensation for something like pain and suffering".
According to Snyman (in Van Heerden, 2017), in South African law abduction is defined as
"a person, male or female, commits abduction if he or she unlawfully and intentionally removes an
unmarried minor, who may likewise be either male or female, from the control of his or her parents
or guardian and without the consent of such parents or guardian, intending that he or she or
somebody else may marry or have sexual intercourse with the minor".
Abductions thus focus on a specific group of victims
namely minors
abduction is generally associated with
specific types of kidnapping, namely bride kidnapping or in crimes where paedophiles are involved.
The modus operandi and motive for kidnapping are to
forcefully remove an adult or minor, denying them liberty in return for a certain type of ransom.
to secure the release of the abduction victim
specialised intervention is required to mitigate the threat to life and physical harm.
>>> Such intervention normally consists of the activation of trained negotiators, investigators and
tactical resolution agencies.
There is no system or database in place or available in SA to distinguish between
, the different types of kidnappings and to accurately capture reliable statistics per kidnapping type.
Currently, no distinction is made between the different types of kidnappings, resulting in
all incidents being generically reflected in the annual crime statistics under the Crime Administration
System (CAS) crime code: 52205 as "man-stealing" (kidnapping).
The reason for doubting the accuracy of the statistics can firstly be ascribed to
lack of confidence in the SAPS and the judicial system of SA, resulting in an under-reporting of cases.
Information available globally on the true extent of kidnappings is limited due to
a lack of an international legislative framework to prosecute transnational perpetrators.
Heard (in Van Heerden, 2017) estimates that about ______ of global kidnapping crimes go
unreported.
80 per cent
Lechner (in Van Heerden, 2017) concurs and estimates that only ______ of all kidnappings in the
world are reported.
10 per cent
interventions by private firms could also be a reason for
inaccurate kidnapping statistics in SA.
Perpetrators involved in kidnappings are divided into two broad categories, based on the motivation
for kidnappings, namely
financial and ideological.
Financial motivation is driven by
some sort of monetary reward or financial gain and usually involves criminal gangs or syndicates.
Ideological motivation is based on
a social, political or religious agenda and usually involves rebels, extremists and political militants.
Van Zandt (in Van Heerden, 2017), identified the following three categories:
- Opportunistic or novice criminals
- Religiously or politically motivated individuals and mentally deranged criminals
- Professional criminals
cultural
dimension that is evident in some kidnappings.
associated with certain cultures all over the world, where the practice of abducting females to
become brides is practised.
The perpetrators responsible for the crime of kidnapping are categorised into three main types
Answers (Latest 2025) 194 Questions and
Correct Answers.
Kidnapping is a diverse and evolving phenomenon that is especially prevalent in
Third World countries with high levels of crime.
>>> These countries are generally poorly resourced and have inadequately trained police personnel,
corrupt public officials, ineffective intelligence services, a weak judiciary and a history of political or
social instability and conflict
Noor-Mohammed (2014 in Van Heerden, 2017) is of the opinion that when career kidnapping for
ransom incidents occurs
various definitional issues can cause challenges for the criminal justice system, resulting in
confusion, since kidnapping incidences can span multiple jurisdictions
In American law, kidnapping is defined as
"the taking of a person against his/her will, or decision through violence, force, threat or
intimidation".
British law defines kidnapping as
"the nature of the offence is an attack on, and infringement of, the personal liberty of an individual"
British law contains four criteria
• the taking away or carrying away of one person by another
• by force or by fraud
• without the consent of the person so taken or carried away
• without lawful excuse
South African common law defines kidnapping as follows:
"it consists in unlawfully and intentionally depriving a person of his or her freedom of movement
and/or, if such a person is a child, the custodians of their control over the child"
kidnapping can include a broad range of actions that can be associated with other criminal acts, such
as
hijacking or robbery
Kidnapping for ransom is associated with instances where
the offender seeks money or a specific action as an outcome, such as debt recovery, propaganda,
revenge or sexual purposes
Phillips (in Van Heerden, 2017) defines kidnapping for ransom as
the "taking and holding of a person in an unknown location for the intention of seeking some form of
concession, regardless of whether a monetary, political, social (ransom) demand is sought after"
,Aspects that are of importance from the definitions of kidnapping are
the deprivation of a person's freedom for a certain unknown period until some sort of compensation
is agreed upon between the perpetrators and the victim's family, after which the kidnapped hostage
will be released.
American law defines extortion as
a crime obtaining money or property by threat to a victim's property or loved ones, intimidation or
false claim of a right.
In British law, extortion is defined as
the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats.
South African law defines extortion as being when
a person unlawfully and intentionally obtains some advantage, which may be of either a patrimonial
or a
non-patrimonial nature, from another by subjecting the latter to pressure which induces him/her to
hand over the advantage.
According to Mastrosimone (in Van Heerden, 2017), patrimonial damage relates to
financial loss or "something that can be converted into or expressed in terms of money or economic
value".
Non patrimonial damage
when an intentional or negligent act causes personal injury or "as something that cannot be related
to a person's financial estate, but compensation for something like pain and suffering".
According to Snyman (in Van Heerden, 2017), in South African law abduction is defined as
"a person, male or female, commits abduction if he or she unlawfully and intentionally removes an
unmarried minor, who may likewise be either male or female, from the control of his or her parents
or guardian and without the consent of such parents or guardian, intending that he or she or
somebody else may marry or have sexual intercourse with the minor".
Abductions thus focus on a specific group of victims
namely minors
abduction is generally associated with
specific types of kidnapping, namely bride kidnapping or in crimes where paedophiles are involved.
The modus operandi and motive for kidnapping are to
forcefully remove an adult or minor, denying them liberty in return for a certain type of ransom.
to secure the release of the abduction victim
specialised intervention is required to mitigate the threat to life and physical harm.
>>> Such intervention normally consists of the activation of trained negotiators, investigators and
tactical resolution agencies.
There is no system or database in place or available in SA to distinguish between
, the different types of kidnappings and to accurately capture reliable statistics per kidnapping type.
Currently, no distinction is made between the different types of kidnappings, resulting in
all incidents being generically reflected in the annual crime statistics under the Crime Administration
System (CAS) crime code: 52205 as "man-stealing" (kidnapping).
The reason for doubting the accuracy of the statistics can firstly be ascribed to
lack of confidence in the SAPS and the judicial system of SA, resulting in an under-reporting of cases.
Information available globally on the true extent of kidnappings is limited due to
a lack of an international legislative framework to prosecute transnational perpetrators.
Heard (in Van Heerden, 2017) estimates that about ______ of global kidnapping crimes go
unreported.
80 per cent
Lechner (in Van Heerden, 2017) concurs and estimates that only ______ of all kidnappings in the
world are reported.
10 per cent
interventions by private firms could also be a reason for
inaccurate kidnapping statistics in SA.
Perpetrators involved in kidnappings are divided into two broad categories, based on the motivation
for kidnappings, namely
financial and ideological.
Financial motivation is driven by
some sort of monetary reward or financial gain and usually involves criminal gangs or syndicates.
Ideological motivation is based on
a social, political or religious agenda and usually involves rebels, extremists and political militants.
Van Zandt (in Van Heerden, 2017), identified the following three categories:
- Opportunistic or novice criminals
- Religiously or politically motivated individuals and mentally deranged criminals
- Professional criminals
cultural
dimension that is evident in some kidnappings.
associated with certain cultures all over the world, where the practice of abducting females to
become brides is practised.
The perpetrators responsible for the crime of kidnapping are categorised into three main types
