BIOB51 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE

BIOB51 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE Non random mating all pairings of gametes are not equally likely Assortative non random mating Like mates with like Disassorative non random mating Like mates with unlike Non random mating indirect effect to evolution Affects proportion of population exposed to selection Self fertilization Frequencies of homo increases and frequencies of hetero decreases Inbreeding Mating among genetic relatives Inbreeding effects increases as population size decreases and increases frequencies of homo California sea otters inbreeding due to bottle neck by human hunters = increased frequency of homo Inbreeding depression Reduced fitness in individuals or populations resulting from mating between kin Great tits Inbreeding depression: Egg hatching failure rate vs degree of inbreeding Greater Prairie chicken reduction in population size (inbreeding) + habitat fragmentation (no gene flow) = Decreases fitness Extinction vortex Downward spiral in population and vigour Extinction vortex (environmental) Habitat fragmentation Extinction vortex (demographic) population size Extinction vortex (genetic) Inbreeding depression and random fixation of alleles How to reverse the extinction vortex? artificial migration Florida Panthers Example of reduction of population size + habitat fragmentation Red Bladder campion New population = High genetic variation (founder effect) Intermediate = Low genetic variation (Migration) Old = High genetic variation (bottle neck + inbreeding) HIV-1 most common strain HIV selection (rapid selection favoured) Selection inside the body of each host HIV selection (max spread among host favoured) Selection across the population of hosts AZT fools reverse transcriptase into incorporate AZT into DNA instead of Thymidine Considerable Heritable variation in HIV High mutation rate and High replication rate Drugs are _____ to HIV agent of selection HAART cocktail of drugs targeting multiple stages of viruses = increases longevity of HIV positive people Multi drug resistance HIV evolves most rapidly in people who take most but not all of their meds Multi drug resistance HIV evolves least likely in people who take very little meds Why is HIV vaccine challenging? HIV epitopes evolve rapidly Zoonotic Disease Caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, or fungi passed to humans from animals Virulence tendency to cause disease in host