BIOB51 DEFINITIONS EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Coalescence:
Moving back through time to determine when/where alleles diverged/arose
Multiregional model
Homosapiens evolved gradually across the entire old world over last 1 million years
from an older species of hominin
Out-of-Africa model
Homosapiens all evolved in Africa alone and migrated
supported by phylogenetic models
Synonymous (silent) mutations (S)
Does NOT alter amino acid sequence of protein
Nonsynonymous mutations (N)
Alters amino acid sequence of the protein
Selective sweep
adaptive allele spreads through a population more quickly than recombination acts to
separate it from neighboring alleles (New + allele becomes fixed = reduction or
elimination of similar mutations)
Genetic Hitchhiking
, strongly selected alleles are frequently found in a population surrounded by the same
set of alleles at neighboring locations (near another gene/on same DNA chain that is
undergoing selective sweep)
Gene Control Region:
refers to an upstream section of DNA that includes the promoter region as well as other
regulatory sequences that influence the transcription of DNA
Repressor
Protein that binds to DNA or RNA sequence and inhibits expression of 1 or more genes
Transcription Factors
Turn on and off gene expression
Hox genes
Determine body segments identity`
Pleiotropic genes
Capable of carrying out more than 1 function are especially likely to take more functions
if duplicated
Paralog
Homologous genes arising from gene duplication
Ortholog
Homologous genes in different species that originated in common ancestor
Gene Recruitment
Co-option of gene or network for novel function as result of mutation (Regulatory
evolution can add genes(functions) into new genetic networks)
Antagonistic Pleiotropy
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
Coalescence:
Moving back through time to determine when/where alleles diverged/arose
Multiregional model
Homosapiens evolved gradually across the entire old world over last 1 million years
from an older species of hominin
Out-of-Africa model
Homosapiens all evolved in Africa alone and migrated
supported by phylogenetic models
Synonymous (silent) mutations (S)
Does NOT alter amino acid sequence of protein
Nonsynonymous mutations (N)
Alters amino acid sequence of the protein
Selective sweep
adaptive allele spreads through a population more quickly than recombination acts to
separate it from neighboring alleles (New + allele becomes fixed = reduction or
elimination of similar mutations)
Genetic Hitchhiking
, strongly selected alleles are frequently found in a population surrounded by the same
set of alleles at neighboring locations (near another gene/on same DNA chain that is
undergoing selective sweep)
Gene Control Region:
refers to an upstream section of DNA that includes the promoter region as well as other
regulatory sequences that influence the transcription of DNA
Repressor
Protein that binds to DNA or RNA sequence and inhibits expression of 1 or more genes
Transcription Factors
Turn on and off gene expression
Hox genes
Determine body segments identity`
Pleiotropic genes
Capable of carrying out more than 1 function are especially likely to take more functions
if duplicated
Paralog
Homologous genes arising from gene duplication
Ortholog
Homologous genes in different species that originated in common ancestor
Gene Recruitment
Co-option of gene or network for novel function as result of mutation (Regulatory
evolution can add genes(functions) into new genetic networks)
Antagonistic Pleiotropy
