BIOB51 ALL CONTENT EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
What is the difference between theories and laws?
Theories explain why, laws describe.
What is the scale and concept of time for the common ancestor of humans and
chimps?
5-7 million years ago.
Why is it difficult to demonstrate evolution?
It's hard to look retrospectively.
What are synapomorphies?
Shared homologous traits.
What are some synapomorphies of whales?
Mammary glands, 3 middle ear bones, hair.
What is Pakicetus?
Whale ancestor with a snout like a dolphin, lived on both water and land.
What is Dorudon?
Whale ancestor with limbs that started proceeding, development starts but is arrested.
What is involucrum?
Bone structure that is similar between Pakicetus and dolphin.
What is talus (astragalus)?
,Located in the ankle.
What does the location of the ankle bone (talus) in Pakicetus suggest?
Connects them to artiodactyls (cows, pigs, etc).
What does the sequence of fossils document in the transition from land to water?
Not a linear path, it's a tree.
What is isotopic analysis of fossil teeth?
Determines if animals lived in fresh or salt water.
What is the 18O/16O ratio?
Higher in saltwater, higher in teeth of marine animals.
What do fossils document about hindlimb loss?
Still have tibia, femur, pelvis. Hole in pelvis allows for leg. Hindlimb begins to form but
fails to fully develop, becomes non-functional.
What are baleen whales?
Whales that have lost their teeth and formed a close-together structure.
How do baleen whales eat?
Ingest a big bunch of water, push water out with tongue, and eat the krill.
What did the ancestors of modern whales have?
Teeth, but also produced small patches of baleen.
What has happened to the genes for building teeth in mysticetes?
They have become disabled.
Brain size
Sociality promoted large brains in dolphins
Influenza virus
,Has sheath with diff proteins
Life cycle
Flu virus gains access to cells and replicates RNA
Mutations
Can be beneficial or cause viral strains to go unrecognized by immune system
COVID
Multiple concurrent variants, hard to identify future vaccine targets
Viral reassortment
Allows for new flu strains, H7N9 genome derived from 4 bird strains
Teaching evolution
Uses multiple lines of evidence and case studies across time scales
Macroevolution
Evolution across millions of years
Microevolution
Evolution across generations
Endosome
Breaks down flu virus proteins to release RNA into host cell
What are Darwin's insights?
Foundation of evolutionary theory
What is the 'tree of life'?
Connection between living things
What does evolutionary theory explain?
Patterns of diversity
, What is the Great Chain of Being?
Ranking of life on a scale
Who is the father of modern taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is Linnaean taxonomy?
Classification of life into nested hierarchies
Who is the father of geology and stratigraphy?
Nicolas Steno
What is the record of historical change?
Changes in species over time
What is natural theology?
Complexity as evidence of design
Who proposed that complexity of animals provided evidence of divine creator?
William Paley
What is the early idea about evolution?
Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry
What did Georges Buffon think about the age of the earth?
It is older than initially thought
What did Georges Cuvier conclude about fossils?
Living things had gone extinct
What is extinction?
Disappearance of a species
Who discovered several species of extinct marine reptiles?
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE
What is the difference between theories and laws?
Theories explain why, laws describe.
What is the scale and concept of time for the common ancestor of humans and
chimps?
5-7 million years ago.
Why is it difficult to demonstrate evolution?
It's hard to look retrospectively.
What are synapomorphies?
Shared homologous traits.
What are some synapomorphies of whales?
Mammary glands, 3 middle ear bones, hair.
What is Pakicetus?
Whale ancestor with a snout like a dolphin, lived on both water and land.
What is Dorudon?
Whale ancestor with limbs that started proceeding, development starts but is arrested.
What is involucrum?
Bone structure that is similar between Pakicetus and dolphin.
What is talus (astragalus)?
,Located in the ankle.
What does the location of the ankle bone (talus) in Pakicetus suggest?
Connects them to artiodactyls (cows, pigs, etc).
What does the sequence of fossils document in the transition from land to water?
Not a linear path, it's a tree.
What is isotopic analysis of fossil teeth?
Determines if animals lived in fresh or salt water.
What is the 18O/16O ratio?
Higher in saltwater, higher in teeth of marine animals.
What do fossils document about hindlimb loss?
Still have tibia, femur, pelvis. Hole in pelvis allows for leg. Hindlimb begins to form but
fails to fully develop, becomes non-functional.
What are baleen whales?
Whales that have lost their teeth and formed a close-together structure.
How do baleen whales eat?
Ingest a big bunch of water, push water out with tongue, and eat the krill.
What did the ancestors of modern whales have?
Teeth, but also produced small patches of baleen.
What has happened to the genes for building teeth in mysticetes?
They have become disabled.
Brain size
Sociality promoted large brains in dolphins
Influenza virus
,Has sheath with diff proteins
Life cycle
Flu virus gains access to cells and replicates RNA
Mutations
Can be beneficial or cause viral strains to go unrecognized by immune system
COVID
Multiple concurrent variants, hard to identify future vaccine targets
Viral reassortment
Allows for new flu strains, H7N9 genome derived from 4 bird strains
Teaching evolution
Uses multiple lines of evidence and case studies across time scales
Macroevolution
Evolution across millions of years
Microevolution
Evolution across generations
Endosome
Breaks down flu virus proteins to release RNA into host cell
What are Darwin's insights?
Foundation of evolutionary theory
What is the 'tree of life'?
Connection between living things
What does evolutionary theory explain?
Patterns of diversity
, What is the Great Chain of Being?
Ranking of life on a scale
Who is the father of modern taxonomy?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is Linnaean taxonomy?
Classification of life into nested hierarchies
Who is the father of geology and stratigraphy?
Nicolas Steno
What is the record of historical change?
Changes in species over time
What is natural theology?
Complexity as evidence of design
Who proposed that complexity of animals provided evidence of divine creator?
William Paley
What is the early idea about evolution?
Earth formed according to laws of physics and chemistry
What did Georges Buffon think about the age of the earth?
It is older than initially thought
What did Georges Cuvier conclude about fossils?
Living things had gone extinct
What is extinction?
Disappearance of a species
Who discovered several species of extinct marine reptiles?
