WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
WhatxisxStarling'sxLawxofxCapillaryxforces?
Howxdoesxthisxexplainxwhyxaxnutritionallyxdeficientxchildxwouldxhavexedema?x-
✅✅Starling'sxLawxdescribesxhowxfluidsxmovexacrossxthexcapillaryxmembrane.xTherexarextwoxmajorxo
x
pposingxforcesxthatxactxtoxbalancexeachxother,xhydrostaticxpressurex(pushingxwaterxoutxofxthexcapillaries
)xandxosmoticxpressurex(includingxonconticxpressure,xwhichxpushesxfluidxintoxthexcapillaries).
Bothxelectrolytesxandxproteinsx(onconticxpressure)xinxthexbloodxaffectxosmoticxpressure,xhighx
electrolytexandxproteinxconcentrationsxinxthexbloodxwouldxcausexwaterxtoxleavexthexcellsxandxi
nterstitialxspacexandxenterxthexbloodxstreamxtoxdilutexthexhighxconcentrations.
On,xthexotherxhand,xlowxelectrolytexandxproteinxconcentrationsx(asxseenxinxaxnutritionallyxdeficientxchil
d)xwouldxcausexwaterxtoxleavexthexcapillariesxandxenterxthexcellsxandxinterstitialxfluidxwhichxcanxleadxtoxe
dema.
HowxdoesxthexRAASx(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronexSystem)xresultxinxincreasedxbloodxvolumexandxincreasedxbloodxpressure?x-
✅✅Axdropxinxbloodxpressurexisxsensedxbyxthexkidneysxbyxlowxperfusion,xwhichxinxturnxbeginsxtoxsecre
x
texrenin.
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
Reninxthenxtriggersxthexliverxtoxproducexangiotensinogen,xwhichxisxconvertedxtoxAngiotensinxIxinxthexlung
sxandxthenxangiotensinxIIxbyxthexenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingxenzymex(ACE).xAngiotensinxIIxstimulatesxperipheralxarterialxvasoconstrictionxwhichxraisesxBP.
AngiotensinxIIxisxalsoxstimulatingxthexadrenalxglandxtoxreleasexaldosterone,xwhichxactsxtoxincreasexsodiu
mxandxwaterxreabsorptionxincreasingxbloodxvolume,xwhilexalsoxincreasedxpotassiumxsecretionxinxurine.
Howxcanxhyperkalemiaxleadxtoxcardiacxarrest?x-x✅✅Normalxlevelsxofxpotassiumxarexbetweenx3.5xand
5.2xmEq/dL.xHyperkalemiaxrefersxtoxpotassiumxlevelsxhigherxthatx5.2xmEq/dL.
Axmajorxfunctionxofxpotassiumxisxtoxconductxnerveximpulsesxinxmuscles.xTooxlowxandxmusclexweaknessxocc
ursxandxtooxmuchxcanxcausexmusclexspasms.
Thisxisxespeciallyxdangerousxinxthexheartxmusclexandxanxirregularxheartbeatxcanxcausexaxheartxattack
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
ThexbodyxusesxthexProteinxBufferingxSystem,xPhosphatexBufferingxSystem,xandxCarbonicxAcid-
BicarbonatexSystemxtoxregulatexandxmaintainxhomeostaticxpH,xwhatxisxthexconsequencexofxaxpHximb
x
alancex-
✅✅ProteinsxcontainxmanyxacidicxandxbasicxgroupxthatxcanxbexaffectedxbyxpHxchanges.xAnyxincreas
x
exorxdecreasexinxbloodxpHxcanxalterxthexstructurexofxthexproteinx(denature),xtherebyxaffectingxitsxfunc
tionxasxwell
Describexthexlaboratoryxfindingsxassociatedxwithxmetabolicxacidosis,xmetabolicxalkalosis,xrespiratoryxaci
dosisxandxrespiratoryxalkalosis.x(iexrelativexpHxandxCO2xlevels).x-
✅✅NormalxABGsx(ArterialxBloodxGases)xBloodxpH:x7.35-7.45xPCO2:x35-45xmmxHgxPO2:x90-
x
100xmmxHgxHCO3-:x22-26xmEq/LxSaO2:x95-x100%
RespiratoryxacidosisxandxalkalosisxarexmarkedxbyxchangesxinxPCO2.xHigherx=xacidosisxandxlowerx=xalkal
osis
MetabolicxacidosisxandxalkalosisxarexcausedxbyxsomethingxotherxthanxabnormalxCO2xlevels.xThisxcouldxincl
udextoxicity,xdiabetes,xrenalxfailurexorxexcessivexGIxlosses.
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
Herexarexthexrulesxtoxfollowxtoxdeterminexifxisxrespiratoryxorxmetabolicxinxnature.x-
IfxpHxandxPCO2xarexmovingxinxoppositexdirections,xthenxitxisxthexpCO2xlevelsxthatxarexcausingxtheximbalanc
exandxitxisxrespiratoryxinxnature.
-
IfxPCO2xisxnormalxorxisxmovingxinxthexsamexdirectionxasxthexpH,xthenxtheximbalancexisxmetabolicxinxnature.
Thexanionxgapxisxthexdifferencexbetweenxmeasuredxcationsx(Na+xandxK+)xandxmeasuredxanionsx(Cl-
andxHCO3-),xthisxcalculationxcanxbexusefulxinxdeterminingxthexcausexofxmetabolicxacidosis.
x
Whyxwouldxanxincreasedxanionxgapxbexobservedxinxdiabeticxketoacidosisxorxlacticxacidosis?x-
✅✅Thexanionxgapxisxthexcalculationxofxunmeasuredxanionsxinxthexblood.
x
Lacticxacidxandxketonesxbothxleadxtoxthexproductionxofxunmeasuredxanions,xwhichxremovexHCO3-
(axmeasuredxanion)xduextoxbufferingxofxthexexcessxH+xandxthereforexleadsxtoxanxincreasexinxthexAG.
x
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
WhatxisxStarling'sxLawxofxCapillaryxforces?
Howxdoesxthisxexplainxwhyxaxnutritionallyxdeficientxchildxwouldxhavexedema?x-
✅✅Starling'sxLawxdescribesxhowxfluidsxmovexacrossxthexcapillaryxmembrane.xTherexarextwoxmajorxo
x
pposingxforcesxthatxactxtoxbalancexeachxother,xhydrostaticxpressurex(pushingxwaterxoutxofxthexcapillaries
)xandxosmoticxpressurex(includingxonconticxpressure,xwhichxpushesxfluidxintoxthexcapillaries).
Bothxelectrolytesxandxproteinsx(onconticxpressure)xinxthexbloodxaffectxosmoticxpressure,xhighx
electrolytexandxproteinxconcentrationsxinxthexbloodxwouldxcausexwaterxtoxleavexthexcellsxandxi
nterstitialxspacexandxenterxthexbloodxstreamxtoxdilutexthexhighxconcentrations.
On,xthexotherxhand,xlowxelectrolytexandxproteinxconcentrationsx(asxseenxinxaxnutritionallyxdeficientxchil
d)xwouldxcausexwaterxtoxleavexthexcapillariesxandxenterxthexcellsxandxinterstitialxfluidxwhichxcanxleadxtoxe
dema.
HowxdoesxthexRAASx(Renin-Angiotensin-
AldosteronexSystem)xresultxinxincreasedxbloodxvolumexandxincreasedxbloodxpressure?x-
✅✅Axdropxinxbloodxpressurexisxsensedxbyxthexkidneysxbyxlowxperfusion,xwhichxinxturnxbeginsxtoxsecre
x
texrenin.
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
Reninxthenxtriggersxthexliverxtoxproducexangiotensinogen,xwhichxisxconvertedxtoxAngiotensinxIxinxthexlung
sxandxthenxangiotensinxIIxbyxthexenzyme
Angiotensin-
convertingxenzymex(ACE).xAngiotensinxIIxstimulatesxperipheralxarterialxvasoconstrictionxwhichxraisesxBP.
AngiotensinxIIxisxalsoxstimulatingxthexadrenalxglandxtoxreleasexaldosterone,xwhichxactsxtoxincreasexsodiu
mxandxwaterxreabsorptionxincreasingxbloodxvolume,xwhilexalsoxincreasedxpotassiumxsecretionxinxurine.
Howxcanxhyperkalemiaxleadxtoxcardiacxarrest?x-x✅✅Normalxlevelsxofxpotassiumxarexbetweenx3.5xand
5.2xmEq/dL.xHyperkalemiaxrefersxtoxpotassiumxlevelsxhigherxthatx5.2xmEq/dL.
Axmajorxfunctionxofxpotassiumxisxtoxconductxnerveximpulsesxinxmuscles.xTooxlowxandxmusclexweaknessxocc
ursxandxtooxmuchxcanxcausexmusclexspasms.
Thisxisxespeciallyxdangerousxinxthexheartxmusclexandxanxirregularxheartbeatxcanxcausexaxheartxattack
,WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
ThexbodyxusesxthexProteinxBufferingxSystem,xPhosphatexBufferingxSystem,xandxCarbonicxAcid-
BicarbonatexSystemxtoxregulatexandxmaintainxhomeostaticxpH,xwhatxisxthexconsequencexofxaxpHximb
x
alancex-
✅✅ProteinsxcontainxmanyxacidicxandxbasicxgroupxthatxcanxbexaffectedxbyxpHxchanges.xAnyxincreas
x
exorxdecreasexinxbloodxpHxcanxalterxthexstructurexofxthexproteinx(denature),xtherebyxaffectingxitsxfunc
tionxasxwell
Describexthexlaboratoryxfindingsxassociatedxwithxmetabolicxacidosis,xmetabolicxalkalosis,xrespiratoryxaci
dosisxandxrespiratoryxalkalosis.x(iexrelativexpHxandxCO2xlevels).x-
✅✅NormalxABGsx(ArterialxBloodxGases)xBloodxpH:x7.35-7.45xPCO2:x35-45xmmxHgxPO2:x90-
x
100xmmxHgxHCO3-:x22-26xmEq/LxSaO2:x95-x100%
RespiratoryxacidosisxandxalkalosisxarexmarkedxbyxchangesxinxPCO2.xHigherx=xacidosisxandxlowerx=xalkal
osis
MetabolicxacidosisxandxalkalosisxarexcausedxbyxsomethingxotherxthanxabnormalxCO2xlevels.xThisxcouldxincl
udextoxicity,xdiabetes,xrenalxfailurexorxexcessivexGIxlosses.
, WGU D236 Pathophysiology Exam,
x x x
Questions and Answers Latest Updated2
x x x x x
024 (100% Verified Answers. Scored A+…
x x x x x
.
Herexarexthexrulesxtoxfollowxtoxdeterminexifxisxrespiratoryxorxmetabolicxinxnature.x-
IfxpHxandxPCO2xarexmovingxinxoppositexdirections,xthenxitxisxthexpCO2xlevelsxthatxarexcausingxtheximbalanc
exandxitxisxrespiratoryxinxnature.
-
IfxPCO2xisxnormalxorxisxmovingxinxthexsamexdirectionxasxthexpH,xthenxtheximbalancexisxmetabolicxinxnature.
Thexanionxgapxisxthexdifferencexbetweenxmeasuredxcationsx(Na+xandxK+)xandxmeasuredxanionsx(Cl-
andxHCO3-),xthisxcalculationxcanxbexusefulxinxdeterminingxthexcausexofxmetabolicxacidosis.
x
Whyxwouldxanxincreasedxanionxgapxbexobservedxinxdiabeticxketoacidosisxorxlacticxacidosis?x-
✅✅Thexanionxgapxisxthexcalculationxofxunmeasuredxanionsxinxthexblood.
x
Lacticxacidxandxketonesxbothxleadxtoxthexproductionxofxunmeasuredxanions,xwhichxremovexHCO3-
(axmeasuredxanion)xduextoxbufferingxofxthexexcessxH+xandxthereforexleadsxtoxanxincreasexinxthexAG.
x
