BIOC20 LECTURE 12 EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
Due to technological limitations, ____________ vaccines lead to serious side
effect
crude
An example of a crude vaccine
Smallpox
What are primary cell culture and immortalized cells?
Primary cells culture takes cell from a living tissue and grow them in vitro.
Immortalized cells are cell lines where the cells do not die (e.g. cancer cell lines).
Explain what are the three major technological leaps in antiviral vaccines.
1. Serial passage of human virus in animals- Take the virus and infect an animal and
subsequently affect more animals or even in the cell culture and isolate variants that are
less pathological
2. Virus growth in sterile conditions and embryonated chicken eggs- vaccines
were produced in chicken eggs
3. Growth of virus in vertebrate cells cultured in vitro- Take a cell line and grow
virus in those cell lines
Define Panzootic
Panzooic: Widespread increase in infectious disease in animals over a large
geographic range (i.e. epidemic in animals)
, Explain how the production of vaccines against avian influenza was problematic.
There was a panzooic of H5N1 avain strain influenza between (1997-2009). Its highly
pathogenic in birds, rare infection in humans. Due its rarity in humans, pharmaceutical
companies are not interested. Virus was so pathogenic that chick embryos were killed
before sufficient vaccine virus amounts could be produced.
Name the different classical categories of Antiviral vaccines.
Live wild-type viruses
Live attenuated viruses
-Serial Passaging
Inactivated viruses
Subunit vaccines
Virus-like Particles (VLPs)
Describe the image and state what type of category it represents.
This is an example of serial passaging which is a live attenuated virus. The image
shows the cell culture where all the viruses are normal, and infect these cells. Take
some of the virus from already infected cells and infect the next batch. As the viruses
acquire mutations, more and more viruses will become defective or attenuated and
make the vaccine.
Compare and contrast the different categories and name one example of each.
Live wild-type viruses
• Simple and very effective, found in nature
•Replicate poorly in non-natural hosts but share immunogenic determinants with related
target viruses (e.g. vaccinia virus)
WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS LATEST UPDATE
Due to technological limitations, ____________ vaccines lead to serious side
effect
crude
An example of a crude vaccine
Smallpox
What are primary cell culture and immortalized cells?
Primary cells culture takes cell from a living tissue and grow them in vitro.
Immortalized cells are cell lines where the cells do not die (e.g. cancer cell lines).
Explain what are the three major technological leaps in antiviral vaccines.
1. Serial passage of human virus in animals- Take the virus and infect an animal and
subsequently affect more animals or even in the cell culture and isolate variants that are
less pathological
2. Virus growth in sterile conditions and embryonated chicken eggs- vaccines
were produced in chicken eggs
3. Growth of virus in vertebrate cells cultured in vitro- Take a cell line and grow
virus in those cell lines
Define Panzootic
Panzooic: Widespread increase in infectious disease in animals over a large
geographic range (i.e. epidemic in animals)
, Explain how the production of vaccines against avian influenza was problematic.
There was a panzooic of H5N1 avain strain influenza between (1997-2009). Its highly
pathogenic in birds, rare infection in humans. Due its rarity in humans, pharmaceutical
companies are not interested. Virus was so pathogenic that chick embryos were killed
before sufficient vaccine virus amounts could be produced.
Name the different classical categories of Antiviral vaccines.
Live wild-type viruses
Live attenuated viruses
-Serial Passaging
Inactivated viruses
Subunit vaccines
Virus-like Particles (VLPs)
Describe the image and state what type of category it represents.
This is an example of serial passaging which is a live attenuated virus. The image
shows the cell culture where all the viruses are normal, and infect these cells. Take
some of the virus from already infected cells and infect the next batch. As the viruses
acquire mutations, more and more viruses will become defective or attenuated and
make the vaccine.
Compare and contrast the different categories and name one example of each.
Live wild-type viruses
• Simple and very effective, found in nature
•Replicate poorly in non-natural hosts but share immunogenic determinants with related
target viruses (e.g. vaccinia virus)
