WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective Assessment Questions and Verified Answers

WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective A
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ssessment Questions and Verified Answers
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| Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
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WhatnisnStarling'snLawnofnCapillarynforces?


Howndoesnthisnexplainnwhynannutritionallyndeficientnchildnwouldnhavenedema?


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n ☑️☑️Starling'sn Lawn describesn hown fluidsn moven acrossn then capillaryn membrane.n Theren arentwonmajornopposin

gnforcesnthatnactntonbalanceneachnother,nhydrostaticnpressuren(pushingnwaternoutnofnthencapillaries)nan

dnosmoticnpressuren(includingnonconticnpressure,nwhichnpushesnfluidnintonthencapillaries).




Bothnelectrolytesnandnproteinsn(onconticnpressure)ninnthenbloodnaffectnosmoticnpressure,nhig

hnelectrolytenandnproteinnconcentrationsninnthenbloodnwouldncausenwaterntonleaventhencellsna

ndninterstitialnspacenandnenternthenbloodnstreamntondilutenthenhighnconcentrations.




On,nthenothernhand,nlownelectrolytenandnproteinnconcentrationsn(asnseenninnannutritionallyndeficientnch

ild)nwouldncausenwaterntonleaventhencapillariesnandnenternthencellsnandninterstitialnfluidnwhichncannleadnt

onedema.




HowndoesnthenRAASn(Renin-Angiotensin-

AldosteronenSystem)nresultninnincreasednbloodnvolumenandnincreasednbloodnpressure?

,WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers



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☑️☑️Andropninn bloodn pressurenisnsensednbyn then kidneysn bynlown perfusion,n whichninnturnnbeginsn tonsecretenre
n




nin.




Reninnthenntriggersnthenliverntonproducenangiotensinogen,nwhichnisnconvertedntonAngiotensinnIninnthenlun

gsnandnthennangiotensinnIInbynthenenzyme




Angiotensin-

convertingnenzymen(ACE).nAngiotensinnIInstimulatesnperipheralnarterialnvasoconstrictionnwhichnraisesnBP.




AngiotensinnIInisnalsonstimulatingnthenadrenalnglandntonreleasenaldosterone,nwhichnactsntonincreasensodi

umnandnwaternreabsorptionnincreasingnbloodnvolume,nwhilenalsonincreasednpotassiumnsecretionninnurine

.




Howncannhyperkalemianleadntoncardiacnarrest?


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n ☑️☑️Normaln levelsn ofn potassiumn aren betweenn 3.5n andn 5.2n mEq/dL.n Hyperkalemian refersn topotassiumnlevelsnh

ighernthatn5.2nmEq/dL.




Anmajornfunctionnofnpotassiumnisntonconductnnervenimpulsesninnmuscles.nToonlownandnmusclenweaknessn

occursnandntoonmuchncanncausenmusclenspasms.

,WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers



Thisnisnespeciallyndangerousninnthenheartnmusclenandnannirregularnheartbeatncanncausenanheartnattack




ThenbodynusesnthenProteinnBufferingnSystem,nPhosphatenBufferingnSystem,nandnCarbonicnAcid-

n BicarbonatenSystemntonregulatenandnmaintainnhomeostaticnpH,nwhatnisnthenconsequencenofnanpHnimbala

nce


- ☑️☑️ProteinsncontainnmanynacidicnandnbasicngroupnthatncannbenaffectednbynpHnchanges.nAnynincreasenorndecre

aseninnbloodnpHncannalternthenstructurenofnthenproteinn(denature),ntherebynaffectingnitsnfunctionnasnwell




Describenthenlaboratorynfindingsnassociatednwithnmetabolicnacidosis,nmetabolicnalkalosis,nrespiratorynacido

sisnandnrespiratorynalkalosis.n(ienrelativenpHnandnCO2nlevels).


- ☑️☑️Normaln ABGsn(Arterialn Bloodn Gases)n Bloodn pH:n 7.35-7.45n PCO2:n 35-45n mmn Hgn PO2:n 90-

100n mmnHgnHCO3-:n22-26nmEq/LnSaO2:n95-100%




RespiratorynacidosisnandnalkalosisnarenmarkednbynchangesninnPCO2.nHighern=nacidosisnandnlowern=nalkalo

sis




MetabolicnacidosisnandnalkalosisnarencausednbynsomethingnothernthannabnormalnCO2nlevels.nThisncouldnincl

udentoxicity,ndiabetes,nrenalnfailurenornexcessivenGInlosses.

, WGUnD236npathophysiologynOAnExamnStudynGuiden2023nQuestionsnandnAnswers



Herenarenthenrulesntonfollowntondeterminenifnisnrespiratorynornmetabolicninnnature.n-

IfnpHnandnPCO2narenmovingninnoppositendirections,nthennitnisnthenpCO2nlevelsnthatnarencausingnthenimbal

ancenandnitnisnrespiratoryninnnature.




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IfnPCO2nisnnormalnornisnmovingninnthensamendirectionnasnthenpH,nthennthenimbalancenisnmetabolicninnnatu

re.




Thenanionngapnisnthendifferencenbetweennmeasuredncationsn(Na+nandnK+)nandnmeasurednanionsn(Cl-

andnHCO3-),nthisncalculationncannbenusefulninndeterminingnthencausenofnmetabolicnacidosis.
n




Whynwouldnannincreasednanionngapnbenobservedninndiabeticnketoacidosisnornlacticnacidosis?


- ☑️☑️Then anionn gapn isn then calculationn ofn unmeasuredn anionsn inn then blood.




Lacticnacidnandnketonesnbothnleadntonthenproductionnofnunmeasurednanions,nwhichnremovenHCO3-

(anmeasurednanion)nduentonbufferingnofnthenexcessnH+nandnthereforenleadsntonannincreaseninnthenAG.
n




Whynisnitnimportantntonmaintainnanhomeostaticnbalancenofnglucoseninnthenbloodn(iendescribenthenpathogene

sisnofndiabetes)?


- ☑️☑️Insulinnisnthenhormonenresponsiblen forn initiatingn thenuptaken ofnglucosenbyn thencells.n Cellsnusengluc

osentonproducenenergyn(ATP).