INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS
EXAM 2025 LATEST NEWEST
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Estimate the population proportion using the ________, and the population mean using the
_______.
, Sample proportion, sample mean
General formula of confidence intervals
point estimation +- margin of error
Confidence intervals for the population mean
Xhat ± z∗⋅[σ/(√n)]
Various values of z for different levels of confidence
90%= 1.645 times the standard deviation of sample mean
· 95%= 2 (or precisely 1.96) times the standard deviation of sample mean
· 99%= 2.576 times the standard deviation of sample mean
What type of variable?:
Income
Ratio
Visual display and numerical summary for a single categorical variable
pie chart or bar chart
and category percentages
Visual display and numerical summary for a single quantitative variable
histogram or stemplot
and descriptive statistics
Visual display and numerical summary for C->C
Two way table and conditional percentages
Visual display and numerical summary for C->Q
Side by side box plots and descriptive statistics
Visual display and numerical summary for Q->Q
Scatterplot and correlation coefficient (r)
Standard Deviation Rule
Approximately
68% of observations fall within 1 sd of the mean,
95% within 2 sd,
99.7% (or virtually all) within 3 sds
Interquartile Range (IQR)
Middle 50% of the data