NR 507 Pathophysiology Midterm
S1 - answer First heart sound, closure of mital and tricuspid valves in systole
S2 - answer Second heart sound, closure of aortic and pulmonic a valves in diastole
Preload - answer Diastolic filling with venous blood
Contractility - answer Systolic ejection
Afterload - answer Resistance to systolic ejection
Equation for cardiac output - answerstroke volume x heart rate
Sustained tachycardia causes ___ - answerDecreased stroke volume
Ischemia, acidosis and cardiomyopathy cause___ - answerDecreased contractility
HTN, pulmonary disease and aortic valve damage cause ___ - answerIncreased
afterload
What is the most immediate effect on afterload? - answerHTN
Hemorrhage and decreased volume decreases ___and ___ - answerPreload and
afterload
Increased preload increases ___ - answerStroke volume
Right sided HF is also called ___ - answerCor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale causes ___ and is caused by ___ - answerEnlargement of RV,
pulmonary HTN from chronic lung disease
5 causes of lung disease leading to cor pulmonale? - answerCOPD, PE, pulmonary
fibrosis, OSA, myasthenia gravis, polio
4 causes of heart failure - answerCAD, HTN, cardiomyopathy, faulty valves
4 events that lead to HF - answerHTN, increased LV preload, increased LA preload,
pulmonary edema
Define ventilation - answerThe ability to inhale and exhale air
, Define perfision - answerThe ability of lungs and tissues to perform gas exchange
Intrinsic asthma - answerInternal trigger (anxiety)
Extrinsic asthma - answerExternal trigger, allergic response mediated by IgE
Asthma s/s - answerWheezing, chest tightness, SOB
Asthma treatment - 3 classes/medications - answerBeta 2 agonists-albuterol,
anticholinergics for bronchodilation-ipratropium, oral steroids to reduce inflammation-
prednisone
Chronic bronchitis s/s - answerProductive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, rhonchi, cyanosis
Where does damage occur in bronchitis? - answerAirway
What is the lamina propria? - answerThin connective tissue, forms moist linings/mucous
membranes
Where are inflammatory cells activated in chronic bronchitis? - answerLamina propria
What plays a significant role in chronic brnonchitis development? - answerLamina
propria
What is a long term effect of COPD? (Blood) - answerSecondary polycythemia
S/S in polycythemia secondary to COPD - answerIncreased HCT by RBC
compensation, can lead to blood clot
What is a long term effect of COPD? (lungs) - answerAlveolar hyperinflation, decreased
ability to exhale, air trapping
Where is erythropoietin produced? - answerKidneys
Where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced? - answerLungs
Where is angiotensinogen synthesized? - answerLiver
What is the role of ACE? - answerActivate angiotensin I to form angiotensin II
What is the most important component of filtration? - answerBlood (hydrostatic)
pressure
Define reabsorption - answerMovement of content from glomerular filtrate to blood
S1 - answer First heart sound, closure of mital and tricuspid valves in systole
S2 - answer Second heart sound, closure of aortic and pulmonic a valves in diastole
Preload - answer Diastolic filling with venous blood
Contractility - answer Systolic ejection
Afterload - answer Resistance to systolic ejection
Equation for cardiac output - answerstroke volume x heart rate
Sustained tachycardia causes ___ - answerDecreased stroke volume
Ischemia, acidosis and cardiomyopathy cause___ - answerDecreased contractility
HTN, pulmonary disease and aortic valve damage cause ___ - answerIncreased
afterload
What is the most immediate effect on afterload? - answerHTN
Hemorrhage and decreased volume decreases ___and ___ - answerPreload and
afterload
Increased preload increases ___ - answerStroke volume
Right sided HF is also called ___ - answerCor pulmonale
Cor pulmonale causes ___ and is caused by ___ - answerEnlargement of RV,
pulmonary HTN from chronic lung disease
5 causes of lung disease leading to cor pulmonale? - answerCOPD, PE, pulmonary
fibrosis, OSA, myasthenia gravis, polio
4 causes of heart failure - answerCAD, HTN, cardiomyopathy, faulty valves
4 events that lead to HF - answerHTN, increased LV preload, increased LA preload,
pulmonary edema
Define ventilation - answerThe ability to inhale and exhale air
, Define perfision - answerThe ability of lungs and tissues to perform gas exchange
Intrinsic asthma - answerInternal trigger (anxiety)
Extrinsic asthma - answerExternal trigger, allergic response mediated by IgE
Asthma s/s - answerWheezing, chest tightness, SOB
Asthma treatment - 3 classes/medications - answerBeta 2 agonists-albuterol,
anticholinergics for bronchodilation-ipratropium, oral steroids to reduce inflammation-
prednisone
Chronic bronchitis s/s - answerProductive cough, dyspnea, wheezing, rhonchi, cyanosis
Where does damage occur in bronchitis? - answerAirway
What is the lamina propria? - answerThin connective tissue, forms moist linings/mucous
membranes
Where are inflammatory cells activated in chronic bronchitis? - answerLamina propria
What plays a significant role in chronic brnonchitis development? - answerLamina
propria
What is a long term effect of COPD? (Blood) - answerSecondary polycythemia
S/S in polycythemia secondary to COPD - answerIncreased HCT by RBC
compensation, can lead to blood clot
What is a long term effect of COPD? (lungs) - answerAlveolar hyperinflation, decreased
ability to exhale, air trapping
Where is erythropoietin produced? - answerKidneys
Where is angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) produced? - answerLungs
Where is angiotensinogen synthesized? - answerLiver
What is the role of ACE? - answerActivate angiotensin I to form angiotensin II
What is the most important component of filtration? - answerBlood (hydrostatic)
pressure
Define reabsorption - answerMovement of content from glomerular filtrate to blood
