NR 507. Advanced Pathophysiology
Midterm 2025
Asthma - answer Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - answer coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - answer-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity
and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - answer smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - answerinnermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - answerthe middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - answerembedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - answerwhite blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - answerthe WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages
host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - answercolumnar epithelial
ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - answersmooth muscle cells
, what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - answercontrol the airways ability
to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - answerWhen air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - answerthe ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - answer-expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - answertiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - answerThese drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - answerthe parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - answerinflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - answerbronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion - answerThe supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - answercyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - answerthere is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
Midterm 2025
Asthma - answer Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an excessive
inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma - answer coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) - answer-airway inflammation, bronchial hyper-reactivity
and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles - answer smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi that become
the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles - answerinnermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria - answerthe middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria - answerembedded with connective tissue cells and
immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria - answerwhite blood cells are present to help protect the
airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma - answerthe WBCs
protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that damages
host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain - answercolumnar epithelial
ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain - answersmooth muscle cells
, what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do - answercontrol the airways ability
to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation - answerWhen air is unable to move out of the alveolar like it
should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus trapping air
inside
how does hyperinflation occur? - answerthe ongoing inflammatory process of asthma
produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar - answer-expanded thorax and hypercapnia
(retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma - answertiotropium and ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? - answerThese drugs block the effects of the
parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma - answerthe parasympathetic system is
stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the cholinergic
receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis - answerinflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis - answerbronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion - answerThe supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and
tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion - answercyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis - answerthere is hypoxia due to
unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
