what is osteoporosis?
complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis?
fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis?
active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis?
-Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
-Increased osteoclast activity
-decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis?
-chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease
-exaggerated immune response
-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage
and bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
inflammation, fever, weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff
joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
systemic symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
,what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk?
a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury?
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body?
Decrease pain threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body?
reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
what do endorphins do for the body?
prevent transmission of pain signals
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent?
CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent?
PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance?
amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the stimuli
what is pain threshold?
same for everyone
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception?
brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission?
,signal goes to the CNS
what is the role of pain transduction?
nociceptors pick up pain signals
what is the role of nociceptors?
transmits pain
what are neurotransmitters?
chemicals the nervous system use to communicate
what is modulation of pain?
increased or decreased transmissions of pain signals (manages pain)
what is neuropathic pain?
dysfunction of the nervous system?
ex.) fibromyalgia
what is referred pain?
pain where the real issue is NOT located
ex) heart attack, left shoulder
where is visceral pain located?
internal organs
where is somatic pain located?
skin, muscles, and joints
what is chronic pain?
pain lasting longer than 6 months, nonprotective
what is acute pain?
pain lasting less than 3 months, protective
what is a seizure?
massive firing of neurons at once
what risk factors and causes of seizures?
metabolic, congenital, genetic, perinatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and
alcohol abuse
, what is the preictal phase of a seizure?
Aura-visual/auditory sensation right before seizure (minutes before seizure)
Prodromal- nausea, irritablity, muscle twitching (hours before seizure)
what is the ictal phase of a seizure? (actual seizure)
Tonic- muscle contraction, increased rigidity, tight jaw, lose conciousness
clonic- contraction/relaxation, jerking movements, increased salvation
what is the postictal phase of a seizure?
aching muscles, confusion, fatigue
how can seizures be life threatening?
aspiration, trauma, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia
what are the two types of stroke?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
what type of ischemic strokes are there?
Thrombic and embolic
what is a ischemic-thrombic stroke?
occlusion forms in the brain caused by atherosclerosis.
what causes atherosclerosis?
HTN, DM, Increased LDL, decreeased HDL, and smoking
What is a Ischemic-embolic stroke?
clot travels from a different location
what causes a clot to travel to the brain?
*A-fib*, arrhythmias, thrombocythemia (too many platelets), and electrolyte imbalance (K+)
what causes a hemorrhagic stroke? (CVA)
ruptured blood vessel is the leading cause
*least common type of CVA*
what causes vessels to rupture?
Trauma, HTN, drugs (cocaine), aneurysm, coagulant disorder
what are complications of a CVA?
complex, chronic, multi factorial disease that decreases bone mineral density
what are the risk factors for osteoporosis?
white female, postmenopausal, aging, sedentary lifestyle, and hyperparathyroidism
what are the symptoms of osteoporosis?
silent until fractures occur, back pain
what are patients at risk for with osteoporosis?
fractures
what is the health promotion for osteoporosis?
active lifestyle, calcium/vitamin D supplements
what is the pathology of osteoporosis?
-Bone remodeling
-increased bone re absorption
-decreased bone formation causing thin, fragile bones
-fractures.
-Increased osteoclast activity
-decreased osteoblast activity.
what is the pathology of rheumatoid arthritis?
-chronic, systemic, inflammatory autoimmune disease
-exaggerated immune response
-neutrophils degrade surface layer of cartilage -inflammatory cytokines breaking down cartilage
and bone then T-cells
-fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
-inflammation is constant and spreads to ALL synovial joints
what are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?
inflammation, fever, weakness, joint deformity, aching and stiffness, painful, tender, and stiff
joint, loss of function, and cyst in the joint.
what is the differentiation from osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
systemic symptoms
ex.) fever
osteoarthritis: load bearing, sports, and trauma
rheumatoid: Autoimmune
,what is a spiral fracture and who is most at risk?
a twist of the bone looking like a spiral, most common in children due to child abuse
what does RICE stand for in regards to injury?
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
what do prostaglandin, histamine, and cytokine do for the body?
Decrease pain threshold=increased pain sensation
ex.) Sun burn
what does seranin and GABA do for the body?
reduce translation of pain
ex) labor
what do endorphins do for the body?
prevent transmission of pain signals
ex.) exercise
what pathway of pain is Efferent?
CNS to PNS
what to do with the pain
what pathway of pain is Afferent?
PNS to CNS
processed by the brain
what is pain tolerance?
amount of pain body can handle before you involuntarily remove the stimuli
what is pain threshold?
same for everyone
Minimum amount of stimuli it takes to perceive pain
what is pain perception?
brain interprets the signal
what is the role of pain transmission?
,signal goes to the CNS
what is the role of pain transduction?
nociceptors pick up pain signals
what is the role of nociceptors?
transmits pain
what are neurotransmitters?
chemicals the nervous system use to communicate
what is modulation of pain?
increased or decreased transmissions of pain signals (manages pain)
what is neuropathic pain?
dysfunction of the nervous system?
ex.) fibromyalgia
what is referred pain?
pain where the real issue is NOT located
ex) heart attack, left shoulder
where is visceral pain located?
internal organs
where is somatic pain located?
skin, muscles, and joints
what is chronic pain?
pain lasting longer than 6 months, nonprotective
what is acute pain?
pain lasting less than 3 months, protective
what is a seizure?
massive firing of neurons at once
what risk factors and causes of seizures?
metabolic, congenital, genetic, perinatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and
alcohol abuse
, what is the preictal phase of a seizure?
Aura-visual/auditory sensation right before seizure (minutes before seizure)
Prodromal- nausea, irritablity, muscle twitching (hours before seizure)
what is the ictal phase of a seizure? (actual seizure)
Tonic- muscle contraction, increased rigidity, tight jaw, lose conciousness
clonic- contraction/relaxation, jerking movements, increased salvation
what is the postictal phase of a seizure?
aching muscles, confusion, fatigue
how can seizures be life threatening?
aspiration, trauma, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia
what are the two types of stroke?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic
what type of ischemic strokes are there?
Thrombic and embolic
what is a ischemic-thrombic stroke?
occlusion forms in the brain caused by atherosclerosis.
what causes atherosclerosis?
HTN, DM, Increased LDL, decreeased HDL, and smoking
What is a Ischemic-embolic stroke?
clot travels from a different location
what causes a clot to travel to the brain?
*A-fib*, arrhythmias, thrombocythemia (too many platelets), and electrolyte imbalance (K+)
what causes a hemorrhagic stroke? (CVA)
ruptured blood vessel is the leading cause
*least common type of CVA*
what causes vessels to rupture?
Trauma, HTN, drugs (cocaine), aneurysm, coagulant disorder
what are complications of a CVA?
