GACE ESOL preparation tests 119, 120,
and 619 questions & answers 2025/2026
intonation - ANSWERSthe way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - ANSWERSthe smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - ANSWERSdeveloped the hierarchy of needs, which he theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - ANSWERSjoins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
stereotype - ANSWERSan oversimplified belief that all people from a certain group or with
certain characteristics are the same
voiceless sounds - ANSWERSsounds made without vibrating the vocal chords
Howard Gardner - ANSWERScreated the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
classroom management - ANSWERSactive management of the physical classroom space, the
culture of the classroom, and individual student behavior
independent (or main) clause - ANSWERSa clause that can stand alone as its own sentence
,one word stage - ANSWERSstage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
reclassification criteria - ANSWERSused to determine when English learners have achieved the
language skills necessary to succeed in English-only classrooms
humor stage - ANSWERSstage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their
circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - ANSWERSStudents with Interrupted Formal Education
grade equivalent - ANSWERSscore found using the average score of students who fall into that
grade
labial consonant sound - ANSWERSsound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together
connotation - ANSWERSthe emotional association of a word
helping verb - ANSWERSverb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodock-Munoz Language Survey - ANSWERSan individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal
analogies, and letter-word identification
audio lingual method (ALM) - ANSWERSan oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavioral psychologists; teaches the target language through
repetition
,English Language Proficiency Assessment for the 21st Century - ANSWERSconsortium of states
whose assessments are aligned to the English Language Proficiency standards developed by the
Council of Chief State School Officials (CCSSO), which determines the states' college and career
ready (CCR) standards
phonetics - ANSWERSthe study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - ANSWERSteaching method based on the idea that language learning should be
much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during
lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on
learning over teaching
age equivalent score - ANSWERSfound using the average score of students within an age group
dependent (or subordinate) clause - ANSWERSa clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - ANSWERSa piece of information that requires the test taker to read between
the lines in order to determine what the author is implying
communicative competence - ANSWERSthe ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two word stage - ANSWERSstage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use
word combinations
early stage of literacy development - ANSWERScharacterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
, lead and support - ANSWERSteaching strategy that relies on one instructor assuming a lead
teaching role with the other providing support as needed
intermediate fluency - ANSWERSfourth stage of language acquisition; learners have acquired a
vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct
many of their own errors
free morpheme - ANSWERSa morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - ANSWERSinformation that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word for word
semicolon - ANSWERSpunctuation used to join two closely related sentences that could each
stand on their own
monitor hypothesis - ANSWERSknowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - ANSWERSindicates how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure;
a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - ANSWERSthe support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is
gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - ANSWERSa social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ANSWERSlanguage needed for academic
work and study
and 619 questions & answers 2025/2026
intonation - ANSWERSthe way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - ANSWERSthe smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - ANSWERSdeveloped the hierarchy of needs, which he theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - ANSWERSjoins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
stereotype - ANSWERSan oversimplified belief that all people from a certain group or with
certain characteristics are the same
voiceless sounds - ANSWERSsounds made without vibrating the vocal chords
Howard Gardner - ANSWERScreated the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
classroom management - ANSWERSactive management of the physical classroom space, the
culture of the classroom, and individual student behavior
independent (or main) clause - ANSWERSa clause that can stand alone as its own sentence
,one word stage - ANSWERSstage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
reclassification criteria - ANSWERSused to determine when English learners have achieved the
language skills necessary to succeed in English-only classrooms
humor stage - ANSWERSstage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their
circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - ANSWERSStudents with Interrupted Formal Education
grade equivalent - ANSWERSscore found using the average score of students who fall into that
grade
labial consonant sound - ANSWERSsound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together
connotation - ANSWERSthe emotional association of a word
helping verb - ANSWERSverb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
Woodock-Munoz Language Survey - ANSWERSan individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal
analogies, and letter-word identification
audio lingual method (ALM) - ANSWERSan oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavioral psychologists; teaches the target language through
repetition
,English Language Proficiency Assessment for the 21st Century - ANSWERSconsortium of states
whose assessments are aligned to the English Language Proficiency standards developed by the
Council of Chief State School Officials (CCSSO), which determines the states' college and career
ready (CCR) standards
phonetics - ANSWERSthe study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - ANSWERSteaching method based on the idea that language learning should be
much like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during
lessons in order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on
learning over teaching
age equivalent score - ANSWERSfound using the average score of students within an age group
dependent (or subordinate) clause - ANSWERSa clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - ANSWERSa piece of information that requires the test taker to read between
the lines in order to determine what the author is implying
communicative competence - ANSWERSthe ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two word stage - ANSWERSstage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use
word combinations
early stage of literacy development - ANSWERScharacterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
, lead and support - ANSWERSteaching strategy that relies on one instructor assuming a lead
teaching role with the other providing support as needed
intermediate fluency - ANSWERSfourth stage of language acquisition; learners have acquired a
vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences and correct
many of their own errors
free morpheme - ANSWERSa morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - ANSWERSinformation that refers directly back to the content of the reading
material where the answer is defined word for word
semicolon - ANSWERSpunctuation used to join two closely related sentences that could each
stand on their own
monitor hypothesis - ANSWERSknowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - ANSWERSindicates how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure;
a test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - ANSWERSthe support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is
gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
positive behavioral support - ANSWERSa social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - ANSWERSlanguage needed for academic
work and study
