Nurs 365 exam 2 (midterm) Questions and
answers 2025
what .is .immunology? .- .ANS✓✓-study .of .the .body's .defenses .against .disease
what .is .immunity .- .ANS✓✓-ability .to .resist .infection
what .is .antigen? .- .ANS✓✓-
any .substance .capable .of .causing .an .immune .response
immune .system .responds .to .non-
self .antigens, .but .maintains .__________ .to .self .antigens .- .ANS✓✓-TOLERENCE
immune .response .are .not .always .beneficial .and .can .cause .tissue .damage .or .de
ath .(____________ .in .____________) .- .ANS✓✓-breakdown .in .tolerance
what .are .the .2 .primary .lymphoid .organs? .- .ANS✓✓-bone .marrow .and .thymus
what .are .the .two .secondary .lymphoid .organs .- .ANS✓✓-
spleen .and .lymph .nodes
lymphatic .vessels .(lymphatics) .are .complimentary .to .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
blood .vessels
immature .lymphocytes .migrate .through .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
the .primary .lymphoid .tissue
bone .marrow .is .the .central .lymphoid .tissue .for .what .lymphocyte? .- .ANS✓✓-
B .lymphocytes
the .thymus .is .the .central .lymphoid .tissue .for .what .lymphocyte? .- .ANS✓✓-
T .lymphocytes
cells .of .the .immune .system: .
- .have .a .very .specific .____________ .pattern
- .have .highly .specific ._________ .and .characteristics
- .can .be .identified .by .a .specific .protein .on .its .cell .surface .called .__________ .- .
ANS✓✓-- .have .a .very .specific .DEVELOPMENTAL .pattern
- .have .highly .specific .FUNCTION .and .characteristics
,- .can .be .identified .by .a .specific .protein .on .its .cell .surface .called .Cluster .of .Diff
erentiation .or .CD .marker
what .do .CD .markers .do? .- .ANS✓✓-tells .the .body .what .kind .of .immune .cell .it .is
where .do .B .cells .mature .in .? .- .ANS✓✓-bone .marrow, .spleen .and .lymphodes
B .cells .have .a .specific .antigen .receptor .called .? .- .ANS✓✓-the .B .cell .receptor .
(BCR)
the .primary .function .of .the .B .cell .is .to .make .- .ANS✓✓-antibodies
B .cells .is .identified .by .the .presence .of .- .ANS✓✓-CD19 .or .CD .20
a .fully .differentiated .B .cell .is .called .a .- .ANS✓✓-plasma .cell
all .T .cells .are .identified .by .the .presence .of .- .ANS✓✓-CD3+
what's .the .receptor .for .T .cells .used .to .identify .antigen .- .ANS✓✓-
T .cell .receptor .(TCR)
what .are .the .two .T .cell .subsets? .- .ANS✓✓-cytotoxic .T .cells .
(CTL) .and .helper .T .cells .(Th)
what .do .CTLs .do? .- .ANS✓✓-kill .tumor .cells .and .virus .infected .cells .(CD8+)
what .do .helper .T .cells .do? .- .ANS✓✓-
help .other .cells .by .making .important .proteins .such .as .cytokines .(CD4+)
what .are .natural .killer .cells? .- .ANS✓✓-
specialized .cells .that .kill .tumor .or .virus .infected .cells
what's .the .cell .surface .receptor .for .NK .cells .- .ANS✓✓-killer .inhibitory .receptor .
(KIR) .CD56+
NK .cells .contain .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
cytoplasmic .granules .also .called .granular .lymphocytes
what .are .dendritic .cells .- .ANS✓✓-
antigen .presenting .cells; .antigen .and .presenting .it .to .T .cells .and/or .B .cells
T .cells .can .not .be .activated .by .the .antigen .alone, .it .needs .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
antigen .presenting .cells .(APC)
what .are .APCs .- .ANS✓✓-first .present .antigen .after .processing .it .--
> .induces .cell-mediate .immunity
, are .dendritic .cells .APCs? .- .ANS✓✓-
they .are .mostly .found .in .epidermic .and .mucus .membranes .whole .antigens .ente
rs .the .body
what .are .granulocytes? .- .ANS✓✓-
neutrophils, .eosinophils, .basophils, .mast .cells
what .are .polymorphonuclear .leukocytes .(PMN) .- .ANS✓✓-- .a .type .of .white .blood
.cell .that .are .essential .for .the .innate .immune .response .to .infection .(CD66B+)
- .they .are .also .known .as .granular .leukocytes .or .neutrophils
what .are .neutrophils? .- .ANS✓✓-- .most .abundant .cell .type
- .phagocyte; .kills .microorganisms
- .doesn't .divide; .short .lived
what .are .the .two .most .important .phagocytes .- .ANS✓✓-
neutrophils .and .macrophages
phagocytosis:
1. .phagocytes .needs .to .identify .and .______ .to .target
2. ._______ .or .engulf .target
3. .forms .a ._________
4. .fuses .w/ .__________ .enzymes
5. .target .is .destroyed! .- .ANS✓✓-
1. .phagocytes .needs .to .identify .and .ADHERE .to .target
2. .INGEST .or .engulf .target
3. .forms .a .PHAGOSOME
4. .fuses .w/ .LYSOSOME .enzymes
5. .target .is .destroyed!
what .are .eosinophils .- .ANS✓✓-
serves .as .the .body's .primary .defense .against .parasites
what .are .basophils? .- .ANS✓✓-
least .abundant .cell .type .found .in .blood; .associated .with .allergies .or .asthma
what .are .monocytes .and .macrophages? .- .ANS✓✓-
primary .function .is .phagocytosis
developmental .cycle .of .monocytes .- .ANS✓✓-- .develops .in .bone .marrow .and .en
ter .circulation .as .monocytes
- .when .are .appropriately .activated .
(inflammatory .site), .they .become .macrophages
what .is .the .CD .of .macrophages? .- .ANS✓✓-CD14+
what .are .mast .cells? .- .ANS✓✓-
release .preformed .granules .containing .proteases .and .histamine
answers 2025
what .is .immunology? .- .ANS✓✓-study .of .the .body's .defenses .against .disease
what .is .immunity .- .ANS✓✓-ability .to .resist .infection
what .is .antigen? .- .ANS✓✓-
any .substance .capable .of .causing .an .immune .response
immune .system .responds .to .non-
self .antigens, .but .maintains .__________ .to .self .antigens .- .ANS✓✓-TOLERENCE
immune .response .are .not .always .beneficial .and .can .cause .tissue .damage .or .de
ath .(____________ .in .____________) .- .ANS✓✓-breakdown .in .tolerance
what .are .the .2 .primary .lymphoid .organs? .- .ANS✓✓-bone .marrow .and .thymus
what .are .the .two .secondary .lymphoid .organs .- .ANS✓✓-
spleen .and .lymph .nodes
lymphatic .vessels .(lymphatics) .are .complimentary .to .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
blood .vessels
immature .lymphocytes .migrate .through .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
the .primary .lymphoid .tissue
bone .marrow .is .the .central .lymphoid .tissue .for .what .lymphocyte? .- .ANS✓✓-
B .lymphocytes
the .thymus .is .the .central .lymphoid .tissue .for .what .lymphocyte? .- .ANS✓✓-
T .lymphocytes
cells .of .the .immune .system: .
- .have .a .very .specific .____________ .pattern
- .have .highly .specific ._________ .and .characteristics
- .can .be .identified .by .a .specific .protein .on .its .cell .surface .called .__________ .- .
ANS✓✓-- .have .a .very .specific .DEVELOPMENTAL .pattern
- .have .highly .specific .FUNCTION .and .characteristics
,- .can .be .identified .by .a .specific .protein .on .its .cell .surface .called .Cluster .of .Diff
erentiation .or .CD .marker
what .do .CD .markers .do? .- .ANS✓✓-tells .the .body .what .kind .of .immune .cell .it .is
where .do .B .cells .mature .in .? .- .ANS✓✓-bone .marrow, .spleen .and .lymphodes
B .cells .have .a .specific .antigen .receptor .called .? .- .ANS✓✓-the .B .cell .receptor .
(BCR)
the .primary .function .of .the .B .cell .is .to .make .- .ANS✓✓-antibodies
B .cells .is .identified .by .the .presence .of .- .ANS✓✓-CD19 .or .CD .20
a .fully .differentiated .B .cell .is .called .a .- .ANS✓✓-plasma .cell
all .T .cells .are .identified .by .the .presence .of .- .ANS✓✓-CD3+
what's .the .receptor .for .T .cells .used .to .identify .antigen .- .ANS✓✓-
T .cell .receptor .(TCR)
what .are .the .two .T .cell .subsets? .- .ANS✓✓-cytotoxic .T .cells .
(CTL) .and .helper .T .cells .(Th)
what .do .CTLs .do? .- .ANS✓✓-kill .tumor .cells .and .virus .infected .cells .(CD8+)
what .do .helper .T .cells .do? .- .ANS✓✓-
help .other .cells .by .making .important .proteins .such .as .cytokines .(CD4+)
what .are .natural .killer .cells? .- .ANS✓✓-
specialized .cells .that .kill .tumor .or .virus .infected .cells
what's .the .cell .surface .receptor .for .NK .cells .- .ANS✓✓-killer .inhibitory .receptor .
(KIR) .CD56+
NK .cells .contain .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
cytoplasmic .granules .also .called .granular .lymphocytes
what .are .dendritic .cells .- .ANS✓✓-
antigen .presenting .cells; .antigen .and .presenting .it .to .T .cells .and/or .B .cells
T .cells .can .not .be .activated .by .the .antigen .alone, .it .needs .what? .- .ANS✓✓-
antigen .presenting .cells .(APC)
what .are .APCs .- .ANS✓✓-first .present .antigen .after .processing .it .--
> .induces .cell-mediate .immunity
, are .dendritic .cells .APCs? .- .ANS✓✓-
they .are .mostly .found .in .epidermic .and .mucus .membranes .whole .antigens .ente
rs .the .body
what .are .granulocytes? .- .ANS✓✓-
neutrophils, .eosinophils, .basophils, .mast .cells
what .are .polymorphonuclear .leukocytes .(PMN) .- .ANS✓✓-- .a .type .of .white .blood
.cell .that .are .essential .for .the .innate .immune .response .to .infection .(CD66B+)
- .they .are .also .known .as .granular .leukocytes .or .neutrophils
what .are .neutrophils? .- .ANS✓✓-- .most .abundant .cell .type
- .phagocyte; .kills .microorganisms
- .doesn't .divide; .short .lived
what .are .the .two .most .important .phagocytes .- .ANS✓✓-
neutrophils .and .macrophages
phagocytosis:
1. .phagocytes .needs .to .identify .and .______ .to .target
2. ._______ .or .engulf .target
3. .forms .a ._________
4. .fuses .w/ .__________ .enzymes
5. .target .is .destroyed! .- .ANS✓✓-
1. .phagocytes .needs .to .identify .and .ADHERE .to .target
2. .INGEST .or .engulf .target
3. .forms .a .PHAGOSOME
4. .fuses .w/ .LYSOSOME .enzymes
5. .target .is .destroyed!
what .are .eosinophils .- .ANS✓✓-
serves .as .the .body's .primary .defense .against .parasites
what .are .basophils? .- .ANS✓✓-
least .abundant .cell .type .found .in .blood; .associated .with .allergies .or .asthma
what .are .monocytes .and .macrophages? .- .ANS✓✓-
primary .function .is .phagocytosis
developmental .cycle .of .monocytes .- .ANS✓✓-- .develops .in .bone .marrow .and .en
ter .circulation .as .monocytes
- .when .are .appropriately .activated .
(inflammatory .site), .they .become .macrophages
what .is .the .CD .of .macrophages? .- .ANS✓✓-CD14+
what .are .mast .cells? .- .ANS✓✓-
release .preformed .granules .containing .proteases .and .histamine
