NURS 365 - Patho Final Exam Questions
and answers 2025
Ventilation .- .ANS✓✓-Movement .of .gas .and .air .into .and .out .of .lungs
Inspiration .- .ANS✓✓--Negative .Pressure
-Requires .Energy
-Active .Phase
Expiration .- .ANS✓✓--Positive .Pressure
-Little .energy .required
-Passive .phase
Stimulus .for .Inspiration .- .ANS✓✓--Chemoreceptors
-Respiratory .center
-Lung .receptors .
-Peripheral .Chemoreceptors
Driven .to .breathe .- .ANS✓✓-By .CO2
Chemoreceptors .- .ANS✓✓--Sensitive .to .H+, .pH, .CO2, .and .O2
-
Levels .in .arterial .blood .easily .diffuse .to .CSF .where .chemoreceptors .are .located
Respiratory .Center .- .ANS✓✓--In .the .brainstem
-Controls .respiration .by .transmitting .impulses .to .the .respiratory .muscles
Lung .Receptors .- .ANS✓✓--C-fibers
-Stretch .Receptors
-J-Receptors
Peripheral .Chemoreceptors .- .ANS✓✓--More .sensitive .to .O2
-Located .in .the .carotid .bodies .and .aortic .arch
-Primarily .control .respiration .when .CO2 .is .chronically .elevated
Oxygen .Saturation .- .ANS✓✓--Amount .of .oxygen .carried .by .hemoglobin
-Measured .via .pulse .ox
-
Oxygen .diffusion .ends .when .the .oxygen .dissolved .in .plasma .and .in .alveolus .ar
e .equal
, Pulse .Oximetry .- .ANS✓✓-Measures .O2 .level .in .blood
Oxyhemoglobin .Dissociation .Curve .- .ANS✓✓--Shows .hemoglobin .affinity .for .O2
-Left .shift .= .more .affinity
-Right .Shift .= .less .affinity
RV .(Residual .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--
Air .remaining .in .the .lungs .after .everything .is .exhaled .
-Typically .around .1200ml
VC .(Vital .Capacity) .- .ANS✓✓--Highest .amount .that .can .be .inspired .and .expired
-Typically .around .4500-5000ml
IRV .(Inspiratory .Reserve .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--
Amount .of .air .that .can .be .expired .after .a .normal .breath
-Typically .around .3000-3300ml
ERV .(Expiratory .Reserve .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--
Amount .of .air .that .can .be .expired .after .a .normal .breath
-Typically .around .1000-1200ml
TV .(Tidal .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--Volume .of .exhaled .air .after .normal .respiration
-Typically .around .500ml
PEEP .- .ANS✓✓-Positive .End .Expiratory .Pressure
Minute .Ventilation .- .ANS✓✓--Tidal .volume .x .Respiratory .Rate
-About .5-7L/minute
Functional .Residual .Capacity .(FRC) .- .ANS✓✓-ERV+RV
Upper .Respiratory .Tract .Mucosa .- .ANS✓✓--
Maintains .constant .temp .and .humidification .of .gas .entering .lungs
-
Traps .and .removes .foreign .particles, .some .bacteria, .and .noxious .gases .from .in
spired .air
Nasal .Hairs .and .Turbinates .- .ANS✓✓--
Trap .and .remove .foreign .particles, .some .bacteria, .and .noxious .gases .from .insp
ired .air
Mucus .Blanket .- .ANS✓✓--Protects .trachea .and .bronchi .from .injury .
-Traps .most .foreign .particles .and .bacteria .that .reach .lower .airways
Cilia .- .ANS✓✓-
Propel .mucus .blanket .and .entrapped .particles .toward .oropharynx .where .they .c
an .be .swallowed .or .expectorated
and answers 2025
Ventilation .- .ANS✓✓-Movement .of .gas .and .air .into .and .out .of .lungs
Inspiration .- .ANS✓✓--Negative .Pressure
-Requires .Energy
-Active .Phase
Expiration .- .ANS✓✓--Positive .Pressure
-Little .energy .required
-Passive .phase
Stimulus .for .Inspiration .- .ANS✓✓--Chemoreceptors
-Respiratory .center
-Lung .receptors .
-Peripheral .Chemoreceptors
Driven .to .breathe .- .ANS✓✓-By .CO2
Chemoreceptors .- .ANS✓✓--Sensitive .to .H+, .pH, .CO2, .and .O2
-
Levels .in .arterial .blood .easily .diffuse .to .CSF .where .chemoreceptors .are .located
Respiratory .Center .- .ANS✓✓--In .the .brainstem
-Controls .respiration .by .transmitting .impulses .to .the .respiratory .muscles
Lung .Receptors .- .ANS✓✓--C-fibers
-Stretch .Receptors
-J-Receptors
Peripheral .Chemoreceptors .- .ANS✓✓--More .sensitive .to .O2
-Located .in .the .carotid .bodies .and .aortic .arch
-Primarily .control .respiration .when .CO2 .is .chronically .elevated
Oxygen .Saturation .- .ANS✓✓--Amount .of .oxygen .carried .by .hemoglobin
-Measured .via .pulse .ox
-
Oxygen .diffusion .ends .when .the .oxygen .dissolved .in .plasma .and .in .alveolus .ar
e .equal
, Pulse .Oximetry .- .ANS✓✓-Measures .O2 .level .in .blood
Oxyhemoglobin .Dissociation .Curve .- .ANS✓✓--Shows .hemoglobin .affinity .for .O2
-Left .shift .= .more .affinity
-Right .Shift .= .less .affinity
RV .(Residual .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--
Air .remaining .in .the .lungs .after .everything .is .exhaled .
-Typically .around .1200ml
VC .(Vital .Capacity) .- .ANS✓✓--Highest .amount .that .can .be .inspired .and .expired
-Typically .around .4500-5000ml
IRV .(Inspiratory .Reserve .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--
Amount .of .air .that .can .be .expired .after .a .normal .breath
-Typically .around .3000-3300ml
ERV .(Expiratory .Reserve .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--
Amount .of .air .that .can .be .expired .after .a .normal .breath
-Typically .around .1000-1200ml
TV .(Tidal .Volume) .- .ANS✓✓--Volume .of .exhaled .air .after .normal .respiration
-Typically .around .500ml
PEEP .- .ANS✓✓-Positive .End .Expiratory .Pressure
Minute .Ventilation .- .ANS✓✓--Tidal .volume .x .Respiratory .Rate
-About .5-7L/minute
Functional .Residual .Capacity .(FRC) .- .ANS✓✓-ERV+RV
Upper .Respiratory .Tract .Mucosa .- .ANS✓✓--
Maintains .constant .temp .and .humidification .of .gas .entering .lungs
-
Traps .and .removes .foreign .particles, .some .bacteria, .and .noxious .gases .from .in
spired .air
Nasal .Hairs .and .Turbinates .- .ANS✓✓--
Trap .and .remove .foreign .particles, .some .bacteria, .and .noxious .gases .from .insp
ired .air
Mucus .Blanket .- .ANS✓✓--Protects .trachea .and .bronchi .from .injury .
-Traps .most .foreign .particles .and .bacteria .that .reach .lower .airways
Cilia .- .ANS✓✓-
Propel .mucus .blanket .and .entrapped .particles .toward .oropharynx .where .they .c
an .be .swallowed .or .expectorated
