NURS 365 Exam 1 Questions and answers
2025
how .do .meds .work .to .treat .heart .failure? .- .ANS✓✓-
decrease .preload, .work .on .heart .rate .and .rhythm .control, .decrease .afterload .an
d .increase .contractility
what .drugs .work .on .heart .rate .and .rhythm .control .- .ANS✓✓-
calcium .channel .blockers .(HR) .amiodarone .IV .
(dysrhthmias) .pacemakers .and .beta .blockers
what .drugs .work .to .decrease .preload .- .ANS✓✓-high .fowlers .position .
(decreases .venous .return), .diuretic, .vasodilator .
(more .blood .to .peripheries), .morphine, .and .fluid .and .sodium .restriction
what .drugs .work .to .decrease .afterload .- .ANS✓✓-ACE .inhibitor .
(vasodilation=blood .in .peripheries), .vasodilator, .and .morphine
how .does .morphine .help .heart .failure .- .ANS✓✓-
vasodilation, .decreases .O2 .demand, .and .decreases .dyspnea
what .drugs .work .to .increase .contractility .of .the .heart .- .ANS✓✓-
electrolyte .balance .and .positive .inotropes .(dobutamine/milrinone)
how .do .medications .differ .for .acute .heart .failure .vs .chronic .heart .failure .- .ANS
✓✓-acute- .more .IV .meds .and .higher .doses .
chronic- .more .oral .meds .that .are .longer .acting
measurement .of .flow, .pressure, .and .oxygenation .of .the .blood .within .the .cardio
vascular .system .- .ANS✓✓-hemodynamic .monitoring
the .amount .of .blood .pumped .by .the .heart .per .minute .
(HR .x .stroke .volume) .- .ANS✓✓-cardiac .output
what .is .a .normal .cardiac .output .- .ANS✓✓-4-8L/min
what .factors .contribute .to .stroke .volume .- .ANS✓✓-
preload, .afterload, .and .contractility
filling .pressures, .the .amount .of .stretch .the .heart .undergoes .when .blood .is .retu
rned .to .the .heart .- .ANS✓✓-preload
, stroke .volume .increases .when .preload .increases .and .all .other .factors .remain .c
onstant .- .ANS✓✓-starlings .law
the .pressure .of .resistance .that .the .ventricles .must .overcome .when .pumping .bl
ood .to .the .aorta- .determined .by .the
.constriction/dilation .of .the .vessels .in .the .body .- .ANS✓✓-afterload
how .is .preload .determined .- .ANS✓✓-the .amount .of .blood .returning .to .the .heart
how .is .afterload .determined .- .ANS✓✓-systemic .vascular .resistance
the .force .of .cardiac .contraction .independent .of .preload .- .ANS✓✓-contractility
examples .of .positive .inotropes .- .ANS✓✓-
Dopamine, .dobutamine, .digoxin, .epinephrine, .calcium, .milrinone
examples .of .negative .inotropes .- .ANS✓✓-
alcohol, .calcium .channel .blocker, .beta .blockers, .acidosis
ventricular .dysfunction .that .leads .to .inadequate .cardiac .output .that .does .not .m
eet .metabolic .demands .of .the .body .- .ANS✓✓-heart .failure
why .if .HF .such .a .problem .for .older .adults .- .ANS✓✓-
most .common .cause .of .hospitalization, .associated .with .long .hospital .stays .and
.frequent .readmissions
HF .risk .factors .- .ANS✓✓-
age, .CAD, .HTN, .diabetes, .smoking, .obesity, .high .cholesterol, .AMI
describe .HF .with .reduced .EF .(systolic) .- .ANS✓✓-
the .heart .is .unable .to .PUMP .blood .effectively, .decreased .contractility .of .ventricl
e .associated .with .decreased .ejection .fraction
Describe .HF .with .preserved .EF .(diastolic) .- .ANS✓✓-
the .heart .is .unable .to .FILL .correctly .resulting .in .a .decreased .stroke .volume
the .amount .of .blood .pumped .by .the .heart .compared .to .the .amount .of .blood .in .
the .heart .- .ANS✓✓-ejection .fraction
normal .EF .- .ANS✓✓-50-70%
reduced .EF .- .ANS✓✓-less .than .40%
mechanisms .increase .cardiac .output .- .ANS✓✓-compensation
mechanisms .(hypertrophy .and .dilation) .can .no .longer .produce .sufficient .CO .for
.metabolic .needs .of .the .body .- .ANS✓✓-decompensation
2025
how .do .meds .work .to .treat .heart .failure? .- .ANS✓✓-
decrease .preload, .work .on .heart .rate .and .rhythm .control, .decrease .afterload .an
d .increase .contractility
what .drugs .work .on .heart .rate .and .rhythm .control .- .ANS✓✓-
calcium .channel .blockers .(HR) .amiodarone .IV .
(dysrhthmias) .pacemakers .and .beta .blockers
what .drugs .work .to .decrease .preload .- .ANS✓✓-high .fowlers .position .
(decreases .venous .return), .diuretic, .vasodilator .
(more .blood .to .peripheries), .morphine, .and .fluid .and .sodium .restriction
what .drugs .work .to .decrease .afterload .- .ANS✓✓-ACE .inhibitor .
(vasodilation=blood .in .peripheries), .vasodilator, .and .morphine
how .does .morphine .help .heart .failure .- .ANS✓✓-
vasodilation, .decreases .O2 .demand, .and .decreases .dyspnea
what .drugs .work .to .increase .contractility .of .the .heart .- .ANS✓✓-
electrolyte .balance .and .positive .inotropes .(dobutamine/milrinone)
how .do .medications .differ .for .acute .heart .failure .vs .chronic .heart .failure .- .ANS
✓✓-acute- .more .IV .meds .and .higher .doses .
chronic- .more .oral .meds .that .are .longer .acting
measurement .of .flow, .pressure, .and .oxygenation .of .the .blood .within .the .cardio
vascular .system .- .ANS✓✓-hemodynamic .monitoring
the .amount .of .blood .pumped .by .the .heart .per .minute .
(HR .x .stroke .volume) .- .ANS✓✓-cardiac .output
what .is .a .normal .cardiac .output .- .ANS✓✓-4-8L/min
what .factors .contribute .to .stroke .volume .- .ANS✓✓-
preload, .afterload, .and .contractility
filling .pressures, .the .amount .of .stretch .the .heart .undergoes .when .blood .is .retu
rned .to .the .heart .- .ANS✓✓-preload
, stroke .volume .increases .when .preload .increases .and .all .other .factors .remain .c
onstant .- .ANS✓✓-starlings .law
the .pressure .of .resistance .that .the .ventricles .must .overcome .when .pumping .bl
ood .to .the .aorta- .determined .by .the
.constriction/dilation .of .the .vessels .in .the .body .- .ANS✓✓-afterload
how .is .preload .determined .- .ANS✓✓-the .amount .of .blood .returning .to .the .heart
how .is .afterload .determined .- .ANS✓✓-systemic .vascular .resistance
the .force .of .cardiac .contraction .independent .of .preload .- .ANS✓✓-contractility
examples .of .positive .inotropes .- .ANS✓✓-
Dopamine, .dobutamine, .digoxin, .epinephrine, .calcium, .milrinone
examples .of .negative .inotropes .- .ANS✓✓-
alcohol, .calcium .channel .blocker, .beta .blockers, .acidosis
ventricular .dysfunction .that .leads .to .inadequate .cardiac .output .that .does .not .m
eet .metabolic .demands .of .the .body .- .ANS✓✓-heart .failure
why .if .HF .such .a .problem .for .older .adults .- .ANS✓✓-
most .common .cause .of .hospitalization, .associated .with .long .hospital .stays .and
.frequent .readmissions
HF .risk .factors .- .ANS✓✓-
age, .CAD, .HTN, .diabetes, .smoking, .obesity, .high .cholesterol, .AMI
describe .HF .with .reduced .EF .(systolic) .- .ANS✓✓-
the .heart .is .unable .to .PUMP .blood .effectively, .decreased .contractility .of .ventricl
e .associated .with .decreased .ejection .fraction
Describe .HF .with .preserved .EF .(diastolic) .- .ANS✓✓-
the .heart .is .unable .to .FILL .correctly .resulting .in .a .decreased .stroke .volume
the .amount .of .blood .pumped .by .the .heart .compared .to .the .amount .of .blood .in .
the .heart .- .ANS✓✓-ejection .fraction
normal .EF .- .ANS✓✓-50-70%
reduced .EF .- .ANS✓✓-less .than .40%
mechanisms .increase .cardiac .output .- .ANS✓✓-compensation
mechanisms .(hypertrophy .and .dilation) .can .no .longer .produce .sufficient .CO .for
.metabolic .needs .of .the .body .- .ANS✓✓-decompensation
