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biology 0610
Created @February 19, 2025 8:26 PM
Class BIO 10
Here's a Biology ATP 0610 (IGCSE) Cheat Sheet to help with practical skills,
experiments, and key concepts.
1. Laboratory Safety & Equipment
Safety Rules: Wear lab coats, goggles, gloves; handle chemicals carefully;
report spills.
Common Apparatus:
Measuring Cylinder – for accurate volume measurement.
Pipette – for small, precise liquid measurements.
Burette – for titration experiments.
Microscope – for observing cells; use coarse & fine focus.
Water Bath – for temperature control in experiments.
2. Experimental Design
Independent Variable – What you change.
Dependent Variable – What you measure.
Control Variables – Factors kept constant.
Control Experiment – Used for comparison, no independent variable applied.
Reliability: Repeat experiments & calculate averages.
biology 0610 1
, Accuracy: Use precise equipment & techniques.
Fair Test: Only one independent variable is changed.
3. Common Biology Experiments
A. Food Tests
Starch Test – Iodine solution → Blue-black if starch is present.
Glucose Test (Benedict’s Test) – Heat with Benedict’s solution → Brick-red
(high), Green/Yellow (low).
Protein Test (Biuret Test) – Add Biuret solution → Purple if protein is present.
Fats (Lipids) Test (Emulsion Test) – Add ethanol, then water → Milky white if
lipids are present.
B. Photosynthesis Experiment
Testing for Starch in Leaves:
1. Boil leaf (kills it).
2. Soak in ethanol (removes chlorophyll).
3. Rinse and add iodine → Blue-black (starch present).
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
Light intensity
CO₂ concentration
Temperature
C. Enzyme Activity
Effect of Temperature:
Enzymes work best at optimum temperature (e.g., 37°C for humans).
High temperatures denature enzymes (change shape of active site).
Effect of pH:
biology 0610 2
, Enzymes have an optimum pH (e.g., amylase works best at pH 7).
Extreme pH denatures enzymes.
Amylase & Starch Experiment:
Amylase breaks starch into maltose.
Test with iodine → Starch disappears as it breaks down.
4. Microscopy
Magnification Formula:
Magnification=Image sizeActual size\text{Magnification} = \frac{\text{Image
size}}{\text{Actual size}}
Microscope Use:
1. Start with lowest magnification.
2. Use coarse focus, then fine focus.
3. Adjust light source.
5. Diffusion, Osmosis & Active Transport
Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (e.g.,
oxygen in lungs).
Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low water potential across a semi-
permeable membrane.
Active Transport: Movement against concentration gradient using energy
(ATP).
Osmosis Experiment (Potato in Solutions):
In distilled water → gains mass (water enters).
In sugar/salt solution → loses mass (water leaves).
6. Respiration
biology 0610 3
biology 0610
Created @February 19, 2025 8:26 PM
Class BIO 10
Here's a Biology ATP 0610 (IGCSE) Cheat Sheet to help with practical skills,
experiments, and key concepts.
1. Laboratory Safety & Equipment
Safety Rules: Wear lab coats, goggles, gloves; handle chemicals carefully;
report spills.
Common Apparatus:
Measuring Cylinder – for accurate volume measurement.
Pipette – for small, precise liquid measurements.
Burette – for titration experiments.
Microscope – for observing cells; use coarse & fine focus.
Water Bath – for temperature control in experiments.
2. Experimental Design
Independent Variable – What you change.
Dependent Variable – What you measure.
Control Variables – Factors kept constant.
Control Experiment – Used for comparison, no independent variable applied.
Reliability: Repeat experiments & calculate averages.
biology 0610 1
, Accuracy: Use precise equipment & techniques.
Fair Test: Only one independent variable is changed.
3. Common Biology Experiments
A. Food Tests
Starch Test – Iodine solution → Blue-black if starch is present.
Glucose Test (Benedict’s Test) – Heat with Benedict’s solution → Brick-red
(high), Green/Yellow (low).
Protein Test (Biuret Test) – Add Biuret solution → Purple if protein is present.
Fats (Lipids) Test (Emulsion Test) – Add ethanol, then water → Milky white if
lipids are present.
B. Photosynthesis Experiment
Testing for Starch in Leaves:
1. Boil leaf (kills it).
2. Soak in ethanol (removes chlorophyll).
3. Rinse and add iodine → Blue-black (starch present).
Factors Affecting Photosynthesis:
Light intensity
CO₂ concentration
Temperature
C. Enzyme Activity
Effect of Temperature:
Enzymes work best at optimum temperature (e.g., 37°C for humans).
High temperatures denature enzymes (change shape of active site).
Effect of pH:
biology 0610 2
, Enzymes have an optimum pH (e.g., amylase works best at pH 7).
Extreme pH denatures enzymes.
Amylase & Starch Experiment:
Amylase breaks starch into maltose.
Test with iodine → Starch disappears as it breaks down.
4. Microscopy
Magnification Formula:
Magnification=Image sizeActual size\text{Magnification} = \frac{\text{Image
size}}{\text{Actual size}}
Microscope Use:
1. Start with lowest magnification.
2. Use coarse focus, then fine focus.
3. Adjust light source.
5. Diffusion, Osmosis & Active Transport
Diffusion: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration (e.g.,
oxygen in lungs).
Osmosis: Movement of water from high to low water potential across a semi-
permeable membrane.
Active Transport: Movement against concentration gradient using energy
(ATP).
Osmosis Experiment (Potato in Solutions):
In distilled water → gains mass (water enters).
In sugar/salt solution → loses mass (water leaves).
6. Respiration
biology 0610 3
